61
                              
                                                                                                                                              
95. Napoleon Chagnon describes the troubles of those who move down in the
inter-group pecking order in grim terms.  As a tribe called the Patanowä-teri slid to
the bottom, for example, they fell into "rather desperate straits.  Their old enemies...
began raiding them with even greater frequency....  A few additional villages began
raiding the Patanowä-teri to settle old grudges, realizing that the Patanowä-teri had
so many enemies that they could  not possibly retaliate against all of them.  The
Patanowä-teri then began moving from one location to another, hoping to avoid and
confuse their enemies. ...Each group that raided them passed the word to other
villages concerning the location of the Patanowä-teri. ...The raids were frequent and
took a heavy toll.  ...The Patanowä-teri were raided at least twenty-five times while I
conducted my fieldwork." (Napoleon Chagnon, Yanomamo: The Fierce People, p.
127).  For a full description of the Patanowä-teri plight, one that gives a graphic
sense of how pecking order slippage can make life unbearable among the
Yanomamo, see Chagnon, pp. 124-137.
96. Romila Thapar, A History of India, Volume One, Penguin Books,
Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1966 (1985 edition), pp. 29-35.  D.D.
Kosambi, Ancient India: A History of Its Culture and Civilization, Pantheon Books (A
Division of Random House), New York, 1965, pp. 72-83.  Patricia Bahree, The
Hindu World, Silver Burdett Company, Morristown, N.J., 1985, p. 10.  Chester G.
Starr, A History of the Ancient World, Oxford University Press, New York, 1974, p.
166.  For a dissenting view on the Aryan invasion, see Franklin Southworthy, "The
Reconstruction of Prehistoric South Asian Language Contact," in The Uses of Lin-
guistics, ed. Edward Bendix, Vol. 583, New York Academy of Sciences, New York,
1990, p. 207.
97. Romila Thapar, A History of India, Volume One, pp. 37-38.  Abu Raihan
Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni, Albiruni's India,  pp. 100-101.  Al-Biruni--who has
shown up in these footnotes before-- was a famed Arab mathematician, astronomer
and historian  of the 11th Century   who learned Sanskrit and traveled in India for
thirteen years as a guest of Sultan Mahmud, ruler of territories in Afghanistan and
Iran.  Al-Biruni's highly sympathetic account of the Hindu world of nearly 1,000
years ago is extraordinary.  See also D.D. Kosambi, Ancient India: A History of Its
Culture and Civilization, p. 86.
98. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Philosophy of History, Willey [sic] Book Co.,
New York, 1900, pp. 146, 152, 153.  Hegel cites "Manu's Code" as his source.  For
more on the privileges of the Brahmans and the penalties inflicted on the lower
castes see Albiruni, Albiruni's India, pp. 136, 162, 163.
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