138
                              
                                                                                                                                                          
pp. 59, 73.  Bryan Morgan, Early Trains, Camden House Books, London {no publication
date given}, p. 19.  H. Philip Spratt, "The Marine Steam-Engine," in Charles Singer, E.J.
Holmyard, A.R. Hall and Trevor I Williams, eds., A History of Technology: Volume V, The
Late Nineteenth Century, c. 1850 to c. 1900, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, p.
143.)  British firms built entire  railways in Canada, France, Jamaica, Guiana, Argentina,
Kenya, Uganda, and numerous other countries.  (Bryan Morgan, Early Trains, p. 39.
Edward A. Haine, Seven Railroads, A.S. Barnes & Co., Cranbury, New Jersey, 1979, pp.
24-27, 81, 83, 147-169.  S. Nock, The Dawn of World Railways, 1800-1850, The
MacMillan Co., New York, 1972, pp. 2-5, 121-125.)  They supervised the building of the
first railways in Japan.  (W.G. Beasley, The Meiji Restoration,  p. 356.)  And British
engineers even played a critical role in the development of new railroad technology for the
Germans and Austrians.  (C. Hamilton Ellis, "The Development of Railway Engineering,"
in Charles Singer, E.J. Holmyard, A.R. Hall and Trevor I Williams, eds., A History of
Technology: Volume V, The Late Nineteenth Century, c. 1850 to c. 1900, p. 328.)
8. India imported a million yards of cotton fabric in 1814.  By 1870, that figure was up to a
startling 995 million.  Many of India's native weavers simply couldn't compete with the
higher quality, cheaper mass-produced cloth and quietly went out of business. (Paul
Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, p. 148.)
9. For further information on the role of steam technology in the British dominance of
ocean transport, see Philip D. Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade In World History, p. 252.
10. Harry Edward Neal, From Spinning Wheel to Spacecraft: The Story of the Industrial
Revolution, p. 36.
11. MIT's System Dynamics National Model, a computerized approach to
macroeconomics, gives a vivid sense of how the country that rides the crest of a new
technological wave surfs its way to power.  For an account of the system and a hint at its
historical implications, see Nathaniel J. Mass and Peter M. Senge, "Reindustrialization:
Aiming At The Right Targets," Technology Review, August/September, 1981, pp. 56-65.
12. For a vivid sense of the implacable barrier malaria posed to Europeans, see Sanche
de Gramont, The Strong Brown God: The Story of the Niger River, pp. 161-173, 195-200.
See also Philip D. Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History, pp. 15, 57.
13. James Burke, Connections, pp. 204-7.
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