48
30. Daniel Goleman, Ph.D., Vital Lies, Simple Truths: The Psychology of
Self-Deception, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1985, p. 38. Martin E. Seligman
and Steven Maier, at the University of Pennsylvania, achieved the same results
reported on by Goleman in their experiments. (Richard M. Restak, M.D., The Mind,
p. 152.)
31. In fact, the word endorphin is a contraction of the phrase "endogenous
morphine." (Floyd E. Bloom, "Endorphins," Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Vol. 1,
p. 393. See also Jesse Roth and Derek LeRoith, "Chemical Cross Talk: Why
Human Cells Understand the Molecular Messages of Plants," The Sciences,
May-June, 1987, p.53; McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology,
McGraw Hill, New York, 1982, Vol. 5, p. 72; Daniel Goleman, Vital Lies, Simple
Truths, pp. 30-31; Jon Franklin, Molecules of the Mind: The Brave New Science of
Molecular Psychology, p. 78; and O.T. Phillipson, "Endorphins," in Richard L.
Gregory, ed., The Oxford Companion to The Mind, Oxford University Press, New
York, 1987, pp. 221-223.)
32. Daniel Goleman, Vital Lies, Simple Truths, pp. 34-36, 38.
33. I've taken the liberty of combining the results of an extensive series of
experiments. UCLA researchers found that subjecting rats to uncontrollable foot
shocks raised their endorphin levels. But giving them shocks they could control did
not tweak endorphin levels in the least. To the contrary, the controllable shocks
upped the release of "non-opioids"--presumably chemicals like ACTH, a substance
that heightens attention (Daniel Goleman, Vital Lies, Simple Truths, p. 38).
Meanwhile, scientists at the University of Pennsylvania and numerous other
institutions also subjected rats, dogs and other animals to uncontrollable punish-
ment. The investigators discovered that this treatment--the very same form of
torture which had been proven to boost endorphin levels-- had a devastating impact
on vertebrate learning and behavior. The lab animals lost interest in food and sex.
More important, when they were taught to run mazes, their learning rate was far,
far lower than that of their normal cousins. They showed an appalling mental
sluggishness. (Jon Franklin, Molecules of the Mind: The Brave New Science of
Molecular Psychology p. 131; Leonard A. Sagan, "Family Ties: The Real Reason
People Are Living Longer," The Sciences, March/April, 1988, p. 28.) Experiments
with the endorphin-blocking chemical naltrexone indicated that the substance which
had muffled the creatures' brains was almost certainly endorphin.
34. Beth Livermore, "At Least Take a Deep Breath," Psychology Today, September
1992, p. 44.
35. Herbert M. Lefcourt, Locus of Control: Current Trends in Theory and Research,
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