31
8. P. Diamandopoulos, "Thales of Miletus," The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Paul
Edwards, editor, MacMillan, New York, 1967, Vol. 8, p. 97.
9. Alan Moorehead, Darwin and the Beagle, 1969, available unabridged from
Books On Tape, Newport Beach, Ca.
10. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection or The
Preservation of Favoured Races In the Struggle For Life, ed. J.W. Burrow, Penguin
Books, London, 1968 (originally published in 1859), p. 257.
11. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, John
Murray, London, 1871, p. 93.
12. V.C. Wynne-Edwards, Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behavior,
Hafner, New York, 1962.
13. David L. Hull, Science As A Process: an evolutionary account of the social and
conceptual development of science, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1988, p.
210. For a further summation of the attacks on Edwards and individual selection,
see Eric Alden Smith and Bruce Winterhalder, "Natural Selection and Decision-
Making: Some Fundamental Principles," in Eric Alden Smith and Bruce
Winterhalder, eds., Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior, Aldine de Gruyter,
New York, 1992, pp.29-32. One of the primary arguments used to dismiss Wynne-
Edwards and group selection has been that competition between groups is not
sufficiently frequent to be statistically significant. Yet associate professor of ecology
and evolution at SUNY Stony Brook Charles Janson cites "the frequency of
between-group contests" as one of "the two major ecological benefits of large social
groups" among primates. And he makes this assertion in a book which repeatedly
expresses the obligatory skepticism about group selection. (Charles Janson,
"Evolutionary Ecology of Primate Social Structure," in Eric Alden Smith and Bruce
Winterhalder, eds., Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior, pp. 106, 109.)
14. For J.B.S. Haldane's early suggestions of the concept of kin selection, see
David L. Hull, Science As a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and
Conceptual Development of Science, p. 60.
15. According to personal correspondence between the author and V.C. Wynne-
Edwards.
16. Stephen Jay Gould, Hen's Teeth And Horses' Toes, W.W. Norton, New York,
1984.
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