58
(summary of research by Shari Waldstein and Steven Manuck originally published
in Psychological Bulletin 110: 451-468).
61. Melvin Konner, The Tangled Wing: Biological Constraints on the Human Spirit, p.
119.
62. Robert M. Sapolsky, "Lessons of the Serengeti," The Sciences, May/June, 1988,
p. 42.
63. In one study, psychologist John Paul Scott was actually able to take advantage
of this principle to produce mice who consistently won battles even against
opponents who towered over them. As David Barash describes it in his book The
Hare and the Tortoise, Scott exposed the little contenders "to a graded series of
fights which were all 'fixed' to insure its [the privileged rat's] victory." After a
non-stop string of wins, the rodent wrestler's sense of confidence made him
unbeatable. (David P. Barash, The Hare and The Tortoise: Culture, Biology and
Human Nature, Penguin Books, 1987, p. 154.) See also Edward O. Wilson,
Sociobiology, p. 123.
64. "It is to the advantage of a chicken to live in a stable hierarchy. Members of
flocks kept in disorder by experimental replacements eat less food, lose more
weight when their diet is restricted, and lay fewer eggs." Edward O. Wilson,
Sociobiology, p. 139. See also David McFarland, ed., The Oxford Companion to
Animal Behavior, p. 12.
65. See the section on "Intergroup Dominance" in Edward O. Wilson's Sociobiology,
p. 144.
66. Pecking order relationships between langur troops in the wild can be as complex
as the relations between modern nations. For a description of "dominance
structure among troops" of langurs, see Suzanne Ripley, "Intertroop Encounters
Among Ceylon Gray Langurs (Presbytis entellus)," in Stuart A. Altmann ed., Social
Communication Among Primates, pp. 237-254, especially p. 248.
67. Sociobiology, E.O. Wilson, p. 120.
68. Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, translated by S.A. Handford, Penguin Books,
Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1982, pp. 28-42.
<< < GO > >>