27
27
NOTES
                                                          
1.    Harold  M.  Schmeck,  Jr.,  Immunology, George Braziller, New York, 1974, pp.
44-45.  Carla Reiter, "Toy Universes," Science 86, June, 1986, p. 56.  Lewis
Thomas, The Lives of a Cell, pp. 43-48.
2. from an interview with Margaret Mead in the audiotape series Sum and
Substance, by Herman Harvey, Ph.D..  See also: Konrad Lorenz, On Aggression,
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, 1974, p. 83; and  Ruth Benedict, Patterns of
Culture, A Mentor Book, New American Library, 1934 (1950 edition), p. 6.
3. For a summary of social psychological research on the ease with which humans
fall into us vs. them patterns, see Bertram H. Raven and Jeffrey Z. Rubin, Social
Psychology, pp. 639-650.
4. Lewis Thomas and Robin Bates, "Notes of a Biology Watcher," produced and
directed by Robin Bates, Nova program # 818, WGBH, Boston, 1981.
5. David P. Barash, The Hare and the Tortoise: Culture, Biology, and Human
Nature, Penguin Books, New York, 1987, p. 279.
6. "[avian dialects permit a group cohesiveness and... tend to isolate... groups into
separate geographic regions." John Tyler Bonner, The Evolution of Culture in
Animals, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1980, p. 179.   See
also: Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology, p. 80; Harold E. Burtt, The Psychology of
Birds: An Interpretation of Bird Behavior, Macmillan, New York, 1967, p. 174; and
James W. Grier, Biology of Animal Behavior, p. 575.  For dialects that serve the
same purpose among frogs, see M.J. Ryan and W. Wilczynski, "Coevolution of
Sender and Receiver: Effect on Local Mate Preference in Cricket Frogs," Science,
June 24, 1988, pp. 1786-1787.
7. Edward O. Wilson, The Insect Societies, p. 272;  George Ordish, The Year of the
Ant, p. 43.
8. The leading expert on social distance as a cultural marker is anthropologist
Edward T. Hall.  See his Beyond Culture, Anchor Books, New York, 1977.
9. Deuteronomy 6:7-9.
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