90
171. James M. Dabbs, Jr., Robin Morris, "Testosterone, Social Class, and
Antisocial Behavior in a Sample of 4,462 Men," Psychological Science, May, 1990,
pp. 209-211. For a dissenting view of testosterone's effects, see Marvin Harris, Our
Kind: who we are, where we came from, where we are going, Harper & Row, N.Y.,
1989, pp. 264-266.
172. Eleanor Grant, "Of Muscles and Mania," Psychology Today, September, 1987,
p. 12. For citations of studies showing that steroids heighten aggressive behavior
in laboratory animals, see Bruce Svare, "Steroid Use and Aggressive Behavior,"
Science, December 2, 1988, p. 1227.
173. David McFarland, ed., The Oxford Companion to Animal Behavior, p. 10.
174. From an article in The Journal of Neuro-Science, abstracted in Brain/Mind
Bulletin, March 1992, p. 7.
175. Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology, p. 124. The same phenomenon has been
observed in female ring doves, rats, and a variety of other species. (Joseph Altman,
Organic Foundations of Animal Behavior, p. 453.)
176. Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology, p. 139.
177. David Attenborough, The Living Planet: A Portrait of the Earth, Little, Brown
and Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1984, pp. 156-159. Lon L. McClanahan,
Rodolfo Ruibal and Vaughan H. Shoemaker, "Frogs and Toads in Deserts,"
Scientific American, March 1994, pp. 82-88.
178. Anne Scott Beller, Fat & Thin: A Natural History of Obesity, Farrar, Straus and
Giroux, New York, 1977, p. 251.
179. David Holzman, "How Gray Matter Can Mend Itself," Insight, February 6,
1989, p. 51
180. Metabolism increases by as much as 30% after the intake of food. Oxygen
consumption and body temperature both go up. The phenomenon is called specific
dynamic action. (Saul Balagura, Hunger: A Biophysical Analysis, Basic Books,
New York, 1973, p. 94. Anne Scott Beller, Fat & Thin: A Natural History of Obesity,
p. 157.) In rats, body temperature rises before the first bite of food is even
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