36
1988, pp. 540-545.
43. Jay R. Kaplan, Stephen B. Manuck, Thomas B. Clarkson, Frances M. Lusso,
David M. Taub and Eric W. Miller, "Social Stress and Atherosclerosis in
Normocholesterolemic Monkeys," Science, May 13, 1983, pp. 733-735.
44. Richard M. Restak, M.D., The Mind, Bantam Books, New York, 1988, p. 152.
45. Bertram H. Raven, Jeffrey Z. Rubin, Social Psychology, John Wiley & Sons,
New York, 1983, pp. 56-57. The number of studies that demonstrate the damage
of disrupted social ties is now enormous. See, for example, Kenneth R. Pelletier's
references to the impact of bereavement and job loss on mortality in his article
"Stress: Etiology, Assessment, and Management in Holistic Medicine," in Hans
Selye, editor, Selye's Guide To Stress Research, Volume 3, Scientific and
Academic Editions, Van Nostrand Reinhold, N.Y., 1983, pp. 51-53. See also I.G.
Sarason, B.R. Sarason and G.R. Pierce, "Social Support, Personality, and Health,"
in S. Maes, C.D. Spielberger, P.B. Defares and I.G. Sarason, Topics In Health
Psychology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988, pp. 245-256; and Sheldon
Cohen, J. R. Kaplan, Joan E. Kunick, Steven E. Manuck, Bruce S. Rabin, "Chronic
Social Stress Affiliation and Cellular Immune Response in Non-Human Primates,"
Psychological Science, September 1992, p. 301. Early researchers like Durkheim
and Halbwachs also saw a clear relationship between isolation and suicide.
(Walter T. Martin, "Theories of Variation In the Suicide Rate," in Jack P. Gibbs, ed.,
Suicide, Harper & Row, New York, 1968, pp. 76-80.) And more recent research
has shown that suicides actually go down on holidays which stress "social inte-
gration" by bringing families together. (David P. Phillips, "A Dip in Deaths Before
Ceremonial Occasions: Some New Relationships Between Social Integration and
Mortality," American Journal of Sociology, 1979, 84, pp. 1150-1174; David P.
Phillips and Judith Lu, "The Frequency of Suicides Around Major Public Holidays:
Some Surprising Findings," Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, Spring, 1980,
pp. 41-50.)
46. Jane Goodall, In The Shadow of Man, 1971, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1983
(originally published 1971), pp. 99, 232-236.
47. Flo and Flint's deaths occurred after Goodall's book, In The Shadow of Man,
was written. It is chronicled in Among The Wild Chimpanzees, the television
special the researcher made for The National Geographic. (Barbara Jampel editor
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