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devices and factory equipment were putting the new contraptions to work.
Now  many nations were able to turn out the inexpensive fabrics that had
once been an indispensable British export.  As a consequence, the demand
for British cloth was in a nosedive.
There was an enthusiastic clamor for a whole new species of products,
but these were not commodities Britain made.  They were the tempting new
goods churned out by Germany's chemical industry and the delightful
electrical devices made by both the Germans and Americans.  Britain, the
great exporter, found her stores flooded with inexpensive goods from
overseas.  Native British industries, still clinging to old-fashioned products,
were in decline.
British authors raced to the presses with self-help books that told
distressed English industrialists and managers how to reorganize their
factories along foreign lines.  One of these tomes bore a title that testified to
just how ubiquitous the Teutonic imports had become.  Its name: Made In
Germany.
Meanwhile, Germany's exports tripled from 1890 to 1913.  And its
share of world manufacturing grew so mighty that it finally passed Eng-
land's.   By 1913, the German companies Siemens and AEG would dominate
the European electrical industry, employing an awesome 142,000 workers.
German chemical giants like Bayer and Hoechst would produce 90% of the
world's industrial dyes.
On the other side of the Atlantic, another power was rising.  America
was vigorously grasping the new technologies of electricity and steel.  In
1902, just one American entrepreneur--Andrew Carnegie--produced more
steel than all the factories of England combined.
Until 1870,  Britain had been without question the strongest nation on
the earth, yet she had spent the least on military hardware.  From 1815 to
1865, a minuscule 3% of her GNP had gone into military budgets.  Her
  Meanwhile, all those foreigners who had purchased British steam
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