In 1455, the first Battle of St Albans began the 30 years Political Turmoil of ![](letter.gif)
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The Participants
- King Henry VI (1421-1471)-
- He ruled England from 1422-1461 and then again from 1470-1471. Henry may fairly be said
to have been a very good man, but a very bad king. He was pious and devoted to education,
but lacked either the governing or the military skills to run 15th Century Britain. In
1445, Henry married Margaret of Anjou. Her favorites, such as Somerset and Buckingham
ruled the court in all but name. In 1453, however, a mental breakdown by Henry allowed
Richard, Duke of York, to step in as "Protector". When Henry regained his
sanity, he was urged by his wife and her favorites to throw York and his allies out of the
Government. On May 22nd of that year, York and his allies began to take that Government
back. (Trivia: Henry VI was the first King of England to never personally command an Army
against a foreign foe.)
-
- King Edward IV (1442-1483)-
- He ruled England from 1461-1470 and againfrom 1471-1483. Upon the death of his father,
the Duke of York, in the battle of Wakefield on December 31, 1460, Edward took up both the
position and the quarrel of his sire. In 1461, He was taken to Parliament by "The
Kingmaker", Richard Neville, and crowned king. The two of them then headed north and
engaged with the Lancastrian army in the battle of Towton; a Yorkist victory. This spelled
the beginning of the end for the Lancastrians. Edward ruled for the next 9 years and it
would take the influence of the Kingmaker to bring the Lancastrians to power again.
(Trivia: The battle of Towton was the largest battle ever fought on English soil.
Contemporary sources reported the numbers of men in the hundreds of thousands, though they
were prone to spice up amounts (the big fish syndrome) and the actual number was probably
nearer to 40,000 individuals.)
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- Queen Margaret of Anjou (1429-1482)-
- Margaret was married to Henry VI in 1445. Despite the King's inate shyness and fear of
women, they appear to have had a good marriage. With Henry's mental failings, however, it
was left to Margaret and her favorites to try and hold the kingdom. Until the death of her
son (at Tewkesbury in 1471), she was truly the backbone of the Lancastrian cause. At
Tewkesbury in 1471, her son was defeated and killed and she was imprisoned. She was
eventually ransomed by Louis of France in exchange for her French lands.
-
- King Edward V (1470-1483)-
- His reign was somewhere between short and non-existant. Generally considered to be part
of the year 1483, he was eclipsed by the self proclaimed "Protector" of England
and the Crown, Richard of Gloucester (Soon to be King Richard III). Edward and his brother
were kept prisoner in the Tower of London, and contraversy rages even today as to what may
have been their fate. It is generally accepted that Edward and his brother were murdered
under the order of Richard III. Other theories do exist, however, including the idea that
the two were sent off to be raised in Wales or Ireland, and the thought that Henry VII
found them still alive in the tower and thus a threat to his own crown and so did away
with them himself. (Trivia: In 1674 two bodies of children were found buried in one of the
towers. These bodies have never been positively identified and are currently entombed in
Westminster Abbey as Edward and his brother.)
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- Duke Somerset-
- Edmund Beaufort (Somerset) supported Henry and the Queen during the King's breakdown.
Unfortunately for him, he also had a private feud in the north with the Nevilles. When
York became Protector, Somerset found himself thrown out of court and into the Tower of
London. In a reversal of fortunes, however, the King regained his sanity and Somerset was
freed. This too was shortlived, however, as the Yorkists returned with an army that met
with the Lancastrians at St Albans in the first battle of the Wars. The Yorkists were
victorious (in great part due to the efforts of the Kingmaker who would begin to gain his
personal fame at this time) and Somerset was hacked to death in front of the Castle Inn;
May 22, 1455.
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- King Richard III (1452-1485)-
- He reigned from 1483 until his death in 1485. One of the most controversial rulers in
the history of the British isles, Richard remains something of an enigma to historians.
Histories surrounding him range from Sir Thomas More and Shakespeare portraying him as
evil incarnate, to some modern revisionists who would clear him of all possible guilt and
proclaim him to be the greatest of the English monarchs. As with all things the truth is
probably somewhere in between. Opposing views on the subject are readily available even on
the Web (see my intro page) and so I will refrain from pursuing the debate to any degree.
Richard came to power in 1483 probably fearing for his power and perhaps his life under a
Woodville Monarchy. He seems to have been content under his brother's rule (Edward IV),
but when Edward died and Edward V was too young to rule for himself, Richard became
Protector. He seems to have been a successful administrator, but his rule was wracked with
as much controversy then as it is today and many in power mistrusted him. In 1485, at the
battle of Bosworth Field, Richard was defeated and killed by the army of Henry Tudor (King
Henry VII). (Trivia: Richard III was the last English Monarch to personally battle beside
his troops in war.)
![Neville.jpg (34544 bytes)](Neville.jpg)
- Richard Neville (Earl of Warwick)(1428-1471)-
- Also known as the Kingmaker, this figure has been called the last of the English Barons.
He was central to the Wars and could even be considered to be the third party in them (ie.
Lancastrians, Yorkists, and Nevilles). (Trivia: Richard Neville once held two Kings of
England captive at the same time. Henry VI and Edward IV both feel under his control in
1469. For those of you who are vampyre buffs, you might be interested in learning that the
Kingmaker was born in the same year as Vlad Dracula; 1428.(There are others, including
Rand Mcnally who put the Impaler's birth at 1431 which would make this trivia pointless,
but I thought I'd mention it in order to be fair.)
- Henry Stafford, the 2nd Duke of Buckingham
(1454-1483)-
- Stafford became duke in 1460 with the death of his father. When Edward IV died,
Buckingham supported Richard III's claim to the throne and was rewarded with the high
constableship of England. In the same year, however, he led a rebellion against Richard
and was captured and executed for treason.
- Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York (1411-1460)-
- Father of Edward IV and Richard III, Richard was the namesake of the Yorkist side of the
Wars. His claim to the throne was considered strong enough so that he was heir to Henry
VI, until Henry produced a son. After the Battle of St Albans, Richard was again made heir
to Henry disinheriting Edward of Lancaster. Queen Margaret would have none of that and by
1459 the two sides were in outright war with one another. In 1461 in Wakefield, York was
tricked into leaving his castle and his forces were slaughtered by the Lancastrians. He,
his son, and Salisbury were killed.
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- Henry Tudor (1457-1509)-
- The first of the Tudor kings, Henry VII defeated Richard III at Bosworth Fields on 22
August 1485. Henry was born to Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort, though his father was
killed before his birth and his mother was only 13. He spent 14 years in Wales and then
another 14 in exile in France before making his bid for the throne. Early in 1486 he
married Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter and ostensibly united the two houses of
York and Lancaster. His reign lasted from 1485 to 1509 when the crown passed to his more
famous son, Henry VIII. (Trivia: Henry VII was something of a Mama's boy. His mother,
Margaret Beaufort, had tremendous political influence during his reign as well as
controlling the household. She even went to France to order them to pay up on War debts.)
- Richard Neville (Earl of Salisbury)(Abt 1400 -
1460)-
- Father of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, Salisbury was the oldest of the Yorkists. He
was a capable warleader and often seems to have been the voice of reason. Successful in
the early part of the war, he was captured and beheaded just after the battle of
Wakefield.
- Thomas Percy-
-
- Louis XI-
- The King of France from 1461 until his death in 1483. Known as the "Spider
King", Louis ran a game of serious international intrigue in order to rebuild his
country which had been plagued with a century of war. In his 22 year reign, he showed a
great understanding of changing politics and reclaimed the duchies of Burgundy and
Brittany.
- Charles the Bold (1433-1477)-
- The Duke of Burgundy. When his father, Philip the Good, died in 1467, Charles began his
dream of expanding his Dukedom. In 1468 he married Margaret of York, the sister of Edward
IV, and formed an alliance with England. He fought intermittant battles with France before
being defeated and killed by Switzerland at the battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477.
(Trivia: Fantastically wealthy, lavish, ambitious and tenacious, Charles had an abominable
war record. In his war with Switzerland, his forces were defeated soundly at Grandson and
later even more soundly at Morat. Despite the fact that he was a losing agressor, he
nevertheless ignored peace attempts and laid siege to Nancy.)
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