Components of Internet :-
The Components of the internet includes the various
facilities available on the internet. There are many facilities that are
available on the internet which can be used by the user. Some of the facilities
of the internet are given below:-
E-mail , News Group, Telnet, FTP, Gopher, Archive, VERONICA, WWW ( <--- Click on any of the links )
E-mail or Electronic mail can be compared to an Electronic post office. Each user of e-mail has a mailbox address to which messages are sent. Messages sent through e-mail can arrive within a matter of seconds and the user can retrieve it from his or her mailbox. Electronic mail was one of the earliest groupware tools and is also the most heavily used tools today. It is the ability to write a message to someone, using a mail program, and use the Internet as a means of delivering that message. Email is not a free service. The cost of your email is covered in your service charge to your provider. Contrary to popular opinion, and to the opinion of some "so-called" experts that have received nationwide TV airtime, email is NOT instantaneous. When you send a message to someone it leaves your computer and travels first to your Service Provider, from there your email may travel through several other HOST computers until it reaches its final destination. The time it takes to transit from one host to another varies depending upon how busy the network is at the time you sent it. it allows computer users locally and worldwide to exchange messages. A powerful aspect of e-mail is the option to send electronic files to a person's e-mail address. Non-ASCII files, known as binary files, may be attached to e-mail messages. These files are referred to as MIME attachments. MIME stands for Multimedia Internet Mail Extension, and was developed to help e-mail software handle a variety of file types. For example, a document created in Microsoft Word can be attached to an e-mail message and retrieved by the recipient with the appropriate e-mail program. Many e-mail programs, including Eudora, Netscape Messenger, and Microsoft Outlook Express, offer the ability to read files written in HTML, which is itself a MIME type. E-mail is an Inexpensive way of communication as well as instant communication. Email is also an Asynchronous communication i.e. one way communication. It is an useful tool for personal Communication.
News Group / Usenet is a service available on the internet to read and write information about any topic (article). It is a set of huge bulletin boards on which anyone who wishes can read and post messages. Basically it is an exchange of emails with pre-determined subject headings. To access this service of news groups a special software should be downloaded. And also the user should maintain an account with a particular newsgroup. Some of the common categories found in the News Group are biz (Business Group), sci (Scientific Subjects), comp (Computer Related ), soc (Social Related). Usenet newsgroups are the most formally organized of the discussion groups. For establishing a new topic requires a vote of all interested people on Internet. If there are good number of votes then the new topic established. Usenet itself is a set of machines that exchanges messages, or articles, from Usenet discussion forums, called newsgroups. Usenet administrators control their own sites, and decide which (if any) newsgroups to sponsor and which remote newsgroups to allow into the system.. The exact commands to gain access to these newsgroups varies from computer to computer. The major difference between Usenet News and e-mail discussion groups is the fact that Usenet messages are stored on central computers, and users must connect to these computers to read the messages posted to these groups. This is distinct from e-mail distribution, in which messages arrive in the electronic mailboxes of each list member. There are thousands of Usenet newsgroups in existence. While many are academic in nature, numerous newsgroups are organized around recreational topics. Much serious computer-related work takes place in Usenet discussions. A small number of e-mail discussion groups also exist as Usenet newsgroups.
Telnet is also called Remote Login (Rlogin). Telnet is an internet service that enables your pc to connect to another network and login as if you were a user of that system. You can only login only to computers where you have an account. Also you need a special software to utilize this service. If you log into a computer on the internet u can use online databases, library catalogs, chat services, and more. To Telnet to a computer, you must know its address. This can consist of words (dl.national.edu) or numbers (140.147.254.3). Some services require you to connect to a specific port on the remote computer. In this case, type the port number after the Internet address. Example: telnet dl.national.edu 185.Telnet is available on the World Wide Web. Probably the most common Web-based resources available through Telnet are library catalogs. A link to a Telnet resource may look like any other link, but it will launch a Telnet session to make the connection. A Telnet program must be installed on your local computer and configured to your Web browser in order to work. The command that is used to enter another computer is telnet in the special software. And once the connection is made then u can login to the other computer as u would if u dialed in with a modem ie with an username and password if any.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol ) : -
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. This is both a program and the method used to transfer files between computers. . FTP sites contain books, articles, software, games, images, sounds, multimedia, course work, data sets, and more.The service of FTP is used mainly to transfer files from one system to another system. This service also requires a special software it can also be done without a special software where the browser will help. If your computer is directly connected to the Internet via an Ethernet cable, you can use one of several PC software programs, such as WS_FTP for Windows, to conduct a file transfer. There are two types of access ie 1) Public Access i.e. (anonymous FTP Server ) Anonymous FTP is an option that allows users to transfer files from thousands of host computers on the Internet to their personal computer account.Annonymous FTP sites permits internet users to login using the account name of anonymous and the password can be anything but most ftp sites requests to type in the internet username as the password. 2) Private Access ie entry is restricted by giving a password. Whenever you download software from a Web site to your local machine, you are using FTP.
Gopher is another service which is useful for searching publically available information posted on the Internet. It is a menu driven tool and it is very simple to operate. Gopher was originally developed at the University of Minnesota, it was called gopher because the universities mascot is a gopher and because the tool goes for things.. It is basically coming under Client Server application ie Gopher software (client) is a programme running on your pc and this will facilitate the connection to the gopher service. Around 300 Gopher services are interconnected which we call it as Gopher Space. Most of the computers on the internet provide a gopher. As it is menu-driven different sites put different information on their gophers. We can use the menus on our gopher to search for information. Some of the examples of the type of information available o the gopher are e-mail address directories, whether reports, foreign exchange information's, Books, Games etc...Archive is a search programme which will help to locate files on the anonymous ftp server. One of the problem with ftp is finding the files you want. This problem can be minimized with the help of archive. Archive is a tool that allows to search virtually all the public available anonymous FTP sites worldwide for specific files of interest. Most of the computers on the internet have Archie Some of the versions of Archie are menu driven i.e. you simply select the options you want from the menu and type the keyword on which to begin the search. The other version is command driven Archie which requires to use commands to search files.
VERONICA stands for Very Easy Rodent Oriented Net-Wide Index Computer Archive. It is a tool which help the user to locate an item available on the gopher server. Finding information can be still difficult even though we use gopher because not all gophers may know the information which we are seeking and it also takes time to go through the gopher menus. Veronica will help in solving this problem. Veronica is to gopher as Archie is to ftp. Veronica enables to search all publicly available gophers by specifying keywords to find information on a specific topic. Veronica will search all the gophers it knows to look for a menu item containing those keywords.
WWW stands for World Wide Web. It is a system of Internet servers that supports hypertext to access several Internet protocols on a single interface. Hypertext is a document containing words that connect to other documents. Almost every protocol type available on the Internet is accessible on the Web. This includes e-mail, FTP, Telnet, and Usenet News. In addition to these, the World Wide Web has its own protocol: Hypertext Transfer Protocol, or HTTP. The World Wide Web provides a single interface for accessing all these protocols. This creates a convenient and user-friendly environment. It is no longer necessary to be conversant in these protocols within separate, command-level environments. The Web gathers together these protocols into a single system. Because of this feature, and because of the Web's ability to work with multimedia and advanced programming languages, the World Wide Web is the fastest-growing component of the Internet. The operation of the Web relies primarily on hypertext as its means of information retrieval. These words are called links and are selectable by the user. A single hypertext document can contain links to many documents. In the context of the Web, words or graphics may serve as links to other documents, images, video, and sound.
Producing hypertext for the Web is accomplished by creating documents with a language called Hypertext Markup Language, or HTML. With HTML, tags are placed within the text to accomplish document formatting, visual features such as font size, italics and bold, and the creation of hypertext links. Graphics may also be incorporated into an HTML document. HTML is an evolving language, with new tags being added as each upgrade of the language is developed and released. The World Wide Web Consortium, led by Web founder Tim Berners-Lee, coordinates the efforts of standardizing HTML. The World Wide Web consists of files, called pages or home pages, containing links to documents and resources throughout the Internet. The Web provides a vast array of experiences including multimedia presentations, real-time collaboration, interactive pages, radio and television broadcasts, and the automatic "push" of information to a client computer. Programming languages such as Java, JavaScript and Visual Basic are extending the capabilities of the Web. An increasing amount of information on the Web is served dynamically from content stored in databases.
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