A Practice Midterm

(to get warmed up for the real thing)

Kevin Callahan

NOTE: THIS PRACTICE EXAM WAS MADE BEFORE THE MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE CAME OUT. GO BY THAT IN GETTING READY FOR THE BIG TEST. GOOD LUCK!

I. Short ID's

Coulee

Pre-Clovis

Norton Tradition

Francisco Coronado

Lewis Binford

L'Anse-aux-Meadows

William C. McKern

NAGPRA

Monte Verde

Maritime Archaic

Garden of Eden hypothesis

Arikara

 

II. Short Answer (when, where, significance, sites)

What is the difference between an "idealized" Band, Tribe, Chiefdom, and State?

Band = Hunter-Gather foragers in nuclear families and extended families who usually band together during certain times of the year to e.g. hunt cooperatively.

(Big Men lead through prestige. Tribal leaders are often ignored. Chiefs have more power and state leaders have means of physical coercion). Tribe = A set of villages in alliance. A Village based alliance system, often forced upon the villages for mutual defense as a reaction to an external threat. This is where ethnic identities often emerge from. It is rare that an individual does things for the tribe. More often it was for personal gain or prestige to assist the family.

Chiefdom = 2 societal levels exist. The high kin chief's group and then the work group. Based upon kinship. Chiefs have more power to comple followers.

States = The leaders have armies to compel their orders and bureacracy.

Desert Lifeways

Early West coast subsistence

Multi-linear evolution

Microblades

Squire and Davis

Mini-Max theories

Northern California Early Archaic

Culture History

Paleo-Indian

Middle Range Theory

III. Essay: Longer Answer

What were the major trends in the Arctic area? What was life like? How did lifeways change over time? Why did it change?

 

Q: What were the trends after 2000/1000 BC on the NW Coast and coastal CA? dense populations, social stratification, large semi-permanent settlements, and intense economic specialization .

Q: What were the trends on the NW coast after 1000 BC? (1) Increasingly large, semi-sedentary large villages with 20-60 people in large plank houses. (2) Spread of bow and arrow (after c. 500 BC) (3) Rapid rise in locally dense human populations. (4) Regular conflict, warfare; settlements fortified and placed in defensible positions in some areas. (5) Redistribution of food resources and heavy reliance on stored food. (6) Intense manipulation of the environment (e.g., fish weirs, harvesting of fish). (7) Increase in social and political complexity; ranked societies with chiefs, an elite, and commoners denoted by status markers such as differences in house size, hat shapes, tattoos. Altered organization of domestic activities (i.e., commoners did the work). (8) Increase in large-scale regional social networks whose members were marked by diagnostic ornaments, tattoos, and associated art styles

Q: Why did social complexity emerge on the NW coast? (1) "Garden of Eden" hypothesis: abundant and predictable food resources (2) Population increase: More efficient ways of exploiting rich marine food resources to feed a rising population led to emerge of a managerial elite. (3) Power, prestige, and competition for resources. Once populations were 'packed' and could not move away Big Men grabbed power and vied with each other for prestige and wealth. (4) Combination theories (e.g., population packing, local resource depletion, uneven resource distribution, greater focus on anadromous (river spawning) and offshore fish. Efficient exploitation required managerial elite to coordinate work and redistribute resulting food.) Other points of interest:

Q: What archaeological "indicators are used to id. "ranked societies? A: Status artifacts, house size differences, warfare, cranial deformation, hat shapes.