Untitled Document

MIDTERM ESSAY REVIEW

Arctic

Culture | Years | Tools | Sites | Trends

Paleo-Arctic 10-7kya microblades Anangula inland hunting

Pacific Coastal 6-1kya harpoons & kayaks & ulus Kodiak Island sea mammal hunting/fishing

Aleutian 4.5k-200ya harpoons, ulus Aleutians sea mammal/fish

Arctic Small Tool Tradition 4k-2.8kya bow and arrow, microblades Onion Portage base camps sod roofs, semi - subterranean

Easern Arctic 4kya ASTT tools & non-toggling harpoons High Arctic &Hudson Bay Musk Ox, caribou and seals, birds, fish

Sub-Arctic 7ka-today
1.caribou, side-notched

2. caribou, etc.lanceolates

3. socketed toggling harpoons

1.Yukon & Alaska

2.Canadian shield

3.Labrador to Maine seamammals longhouses

1. Northern Archaic Athabaskans

2. Shield Archaic Algonquians

3. Maritime Archaic Red Paint people

Norton 3k-1200ya
seacoast dense housing

pottery,lamps,toggling harpoons, polished slate
Alaska year-round settlements

Dorset 2550-900ya famous art, rectangular semi-subterranean houses, igloos Eastern Arctic
winter/spring whales,walrus,seals

summer/fall caribou,salmon

Thule (Alaska) 2700-200ya dog sleds, pottery,toggling harpoons, floats, art Alaska
whale hunters

Eskimos

Thule (Eastern Arctic) 1100ya pottery is replaced with soapstone, dog sleds, kayaks, atlatls, bow and arrow Down Pacific Coast and to Greenland Inuit (Eskimos)

Northwest Coast, California,

& the Interior Plateau

Culture | Years | Tools | Sites | Trends

4 periods: Mammoth hunters, Broad-spectrum hunter-gatherers,

Sea mammal/fishing (added), increased Population and Intensified subsistence

NW Coast Paleo-marine 11-7kya salmon fishing Namu site semi-sedentary

NW Coast Middle Period 5500-1500ya intensified fishing, larger pop.,trade, potlatches social complexity

NW Coast Late Period 3000ya-modern large sedentary villages, bow & arrow, regular warfare, potlatches Ozette cultural complexity due to rich marine resources, redistribution of food

Paleo-California 10,500ya-8000ya
shellfish, sea mammals,

seeds and nuts
Daisy Cave marine & nut subsistence

Archaic California 8000-3000 ya manos and metates, mortars and pestles maritime adaptation with seeds and nuts

Late California 3000ya-modern acorn harvesting, semi-subt. houses diverse small mobile and large sedentary groups

Interior Plateau 10,500ya-modern
winter pithouse villages

toggling harpoons, nets, weirs

The Dalles, Columbia River,

Windust, Snake River

salmon fishermen, roots and tubers,

trade

Great Basin

The 400,000 square mile desert between the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada with mountains and deep valley basins. Varied elevations and microenvironments. Unpredictable and harsh environment with 80% of sites in the foothills. The rich lowland marshes had denser population.

Culture | Years | Tools | Sites | Trends

Desert Archaic 9500ya-today
digging sticks, manos and metates, projectile points, sandals, decoys, baskets

After AD 500 Bow and Arrow, some pottery

Cave Sites:

Danger and Hogup in Utah

Hidden and Lovelock in Nevada

Broad spectrum hunting and gathering (seeds and Pinion nuts)

lived around marshes and lakes

Diverse food, storage

Fremont AD400-1300
maize-beans-squash

leather moccasins not fiber sandals

distinctive coiled baskets

horned and shield bearing pictographs

irrigation with some hunting
Sedentary horticulture and small game hunting, scattered houses, no kivas

Great Plains

8 million square miles from the Rockies to Illinois and Canada to the Rio Grande.

Culture | Years | Tools | Sites | Trends

Clovis 11,200-10,900ya Clovis pts. Clovis,NM 300 yr megafauna hunters

Late Paleo-Indians 11-8kya Folsom Folsom,NM Olson-Chubbock,CO Bison Hunters

Plains Archaic 7600-1500ya corral and bison jumps, side & corner notched points Muddy Creek corral, Wyo. coop hunting, diversified toolkits

Later Bison Hunters AD 550-1880 bow & arrow, horse, gun, bison jumps, dogs as pack animals Dakota exchange systems with farmers

Plains Woodland 2250-1050ya pottery,burial mounds, horticulture,small animal hunting
Kansas City Hopewell (pottery, settlements)

Avon Lea (burial mounds, ritual bison drives, bow and arrow)

Plains Village 1100ya-100 ya permanent settlements (fortified),storage pits, scapula hoes Missouri River Mandan, Arikara, Hidatsa, Pawnees, Wichita Stream valleys and some hunting

Paleo-Arctic	10-7kya	microblades	Anangula	inland hunting
Pacific Coastal	6-1kya	harpoons & kayaks & ulus	Kodiak Island	sea mammal hunting/fishing
Aleutian	4.5k-200ya	harpoons, ulus	Aleutians	sea mammal/fish
Arctic Small Tool Tradition	4k-2.8kya	bow and arrow, microblades	Onion Portage	base camps sod roofs, semi - subterranean
Easern Arctic	4kya	ASTT tools & non-toggling harpoons	High Arctic &Hudson Bay	Musk Ox, caribou and seals, birds, fish
Sub-Arctic	7ka-today	1.caribou, side-notched 2. caribou, etc.lanceolates 3. socketed toggling harpoons	1.Yukon & Alaska 2.Canadian shield 3.Labrador to Maine seamammals longhouses	1. Northern Archaic Athabaskans 2. Shield Archaic Algonquians 3. Maritime Archaic Red Paint people
Norton	3k-1200ya	seacoast dense housing pottery,lamps,toggling harpoons, polished slate	Alaska	year-round settlements
Dorset	2550-900ya	famous art, rectangular semi-subterranean houses, igloos	Eastern Arctic	winter/spring whales,walrus,seals summer/fall caribou,salmon
Thule (Alaska)	2700-200ya	dog sleds, pottery,toggling harpoons, floats, art	Alaska	whale hunters Eskimos
Thule (Eastern Arctic)	1100ya	pottery is replaced with soapstone, dog sleds, kayaks, atlatls, bow and arrow	Down Pacific Coast and to Greenland	Inuit (Eskimos)

NW Coast Paleo-marine	11-7kya	salmon fishing	Namu site	semi-sedentary
NW Coast Middle Period	5500-1500ya	intensified fishing, larger pop.,trade, potlatches		social complexity
NW Coast Late Period	3000ya-modern	large sedentary villages, bow & arrow, regular warfare, potlatches	Ozette	cultural complexity due to rich marine resources, redistribution of food
Paleo-California	10,500ya-8000ya	shellfish, sea mammals, seeds and nuts	Daisy Cave	marine & nut subsistence
Archaic California	8000-3000 ya	manos and metates, mortars and pestles		maritime adaptation with seeds and nuts
Late California	3000ya-modern	acorn harvesting, semi-subt. houses		diverse small mobile and large sedentary groups
Interior Plateau	10,500ya-modern	winter pithouse villages toggling harpoons, nets, weirs	The Dalles, Columbia River, Windust, Snake River	salmon fishermen, roots and tubers, trade

Clovis	11,200-10,900ya	Clovis pts.	Clovis,NM	300 yr megafauna hunters
Late Paleo-Indians	11-8kya	Folsom	Folsom,NM Olson-Chubbock,CO	Bison Hunters
Plains Archaic	7600-1500ya	corral and bison jumps, side & corner notched points	Muddy Creek corral, Wyo.	coop hunting, diversified toolkits
Later Bison Hunters	AD 550-1880	bow & arrow, horse, gun, bison jumps, dogs as pack animals	Dakota	exchange systems with farmers
Plains Woodland	2250-1050ya	pottery,burial mounds, horticulture,small animal hunting	Kansas City Hopewell (pottery, settlements) Avon Lea (burial mounds, ritual bison drives, bow and arrow)
Plains Village	1100ya-100 ya	permanent settlements (fortified),storage pits, scapula hoes	Missouri River Mandan, Arikara, Hidatsa, Pawnees, Wichita	Stream valleys and some hunting