BLOOD
Blood is a fluid made of 4 major substances:
1. _______________ - the liquid part that has not clotted (After clots have formed and been removed from the plasma only the SERUM is left.)
2. _______________ - Red blood cells
3. _______________ - White blood cells
4. Thrombocytes - _______________
Approx. _______________ RBC's, 7,500 WBC's, and 300,000 platelets are found in 1 _______________ of blood, approx 30 trillion RBC's in entire body.
Blood = _______________% of body weight, approx. 5-6 qts.(10-12 pints), pH of 7.4, temperature =
100 degrees Fahrenheit.
Manufacture of Blood
Myeloid tissue (red marrow) produces _______________ RBC's each second because RBC's live
only about _______________ days. Myeloid tissue, found in the sternum, ribs, hipbones, and
clavicles, manufacture most of the blood except for some types of white blood cells which are produced
in the lymphatic tissue.
FUNCTIONS
RED BLOOD CELL FUNCTIONS: _______________ oxygen and carbon dioxide - Unique structure
and tremendous numbers give the RBC's a total surface area larger than a football field for absorbing
oxygen.
_______________ - an iron containing protein that combines with oxygen to form OXYHEMOGLOBIN
which carries oxygen to the body. Each erythrocyte contains approx. 280 million molecules of
hemoglobin.
_______________ - a number of different conditions caused by an inability to carry sufficient oxygen to the body cells due to:
_______________ DEFICIENCY ANEMIA - lack of _______________ in the diet causes lack of
hemoglobin, lack of oxygen, lack of energy.
_______________ ANEMIA - caused by a defiency of RBC's due to lack of _______________.
_______________ ANEMIA - caused by _______________ of an abnormal type of hemoglobin.
When oxygen levels in blood fall, defective hemoglobin crytallizes distorting into a sickle shape.
_______________ - bone marrow produces too many RBC's
Blood Doping - _______________ by athletes to raise their level of RBC's and increase oxygen
delivery to muscles.
_______________ - A blood test that separates and measures the different portions of blood.
WHITE BLOOD CELL FUNCTIONS
_______________ LEUKOCYTES:
_______________ LEUKOCYTES:
_______________ - low white blood count, usually caused by diseases of the immune system
_______________ - abnormally high white count, usually because of infection
_______________ - malignant blood cancer that causes increase of leukocytes
PLATELET FUNCTION: Clotting
As platelets collect around an injured vessel, some break up and release _______________ which
combine with _______________ (a protein found in the plasma) to form _______________ (an
enzyme) that changes _______________ to _______________, a gel-like fiber that catches RBC's
and forms the clot.
VITAMIN _______________ - stimulates liver to increase production of prothrombin.
_______________ - a blood clot
_______________ - the condition of having a blood clot
_______________ - a dislodged clot
_______________ - the condition of having a dislodged blood clot
BLOOD TYPES
_______________ = 45% - UNIVERSAL DONOR
_______________ = 41%
_______________ = 10%
_______________ = 4% - UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
_______________- a substance that stimulates the production of antibodies
_______________- a substance that reacts to an antigen, usually causing them to clump together
_______________ - clumping of antibodies and antigens
_______________ FACTOR - an antigen found in 85% of human blood. First discovered in the blood
of the Rhesus monkey.
_______________ _______________ - disease caused by the reaction of an Rh negative mother
carrying an Rh positive child.
BLOOD TYPE | BLOOD PROTEIN (ANTIGEN) | BLOOD ANTIBODY |
---|---|---|
A | A | Anti-B |
B | B | Anti-A |
AB | A & B | Neither A nor B |
O | Neither A nor B | Both Anti-A & Anti- B |
Rh Factor | Rh PROTEIN (ANTIGEN) | Rh ANTIBODY |
---|---|---|
Rh positive | Rh Antigen | No Rh antibody |
Rh negative | No Rh Antigen | Can develop antibodies if exposed |
INHERITANCE OF BLOOD TYPE:
The inheritance of blood is an example of a genetic condition known as multiple allelles. This means
that it is a little more complicated than the simple dominant / recessive traits that we usually discuss.
Blood types A and B are what is known as co-dominant. When both are inherited, both will be
expressed. Neither is recessive to the other. Both A and B, however, are dominant to the
inheritance of O, which is the lack or either A or B factor.
We use the lowercase letter i to represent the recessive type O. The genotypes (possible gene
combinations) for blood type can be represented by the chart below:
BLOOD TYPE | Possible Genotypes |
---|---|
A | AA or Ai |
B | BB or Bi |
AB | AB only |
O | ii only |
Rh factor is inherited separately from blood type. The inheritance of Rh factor (positive) is dominant
to the inheritance of negative (no Rh factor).