BLOOD

Blood is a fluid made of 4 major substances:

1. _______________ - the liquid part that has not clotted (After clots have formed and been removed from the plasma only the SERUM is left.)

2. _______________ - Red blood cells

3. _______________ - White blood cells

4. Thrombocytes - _______________

Approx. _______________ RBC's, 7,500 WBC's, and 300,000 platelets are found in 1 _______________ of blood, approx 30 trillion RBC's in entire body.

Blood = _______________% of body weight, approx. 5-6 qts.(10-12 pints), pH of 7.4, temperature = 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

Manufacture of Blood

Myeloid tissue (red marrow) produces _______________ RBC's each second because RBC's live only about _______________ days. Myeloid tissue, found in the sternum, ribs, hipbones, and clavicles, manufacture most of the blood except for some types of white blood cells which are produced in the lymphatic tissue.

FUNCTIONS

• 1. _______________: oxygen from lungs to cells; carbon dioxide from cells to lungs; nutrients from digestive system to cells; wastes from cells to kidneys, lungs, and sweat glands; hormones from endocrine glands to cells; enzymes to cells.
• 2. _______________: pH through buffers; normal body temperature through heat absorbing and cooling properties of its water content; water content of cells
• 3. _______________ against: blood loss by clotting; foreign microbes with immune system

RED BLOOD CELL FUNCTIONS: _______________ oxygen and carbon dioxide - Unique structure and tremendous numbers give the RBC's a total surface area larger than a football field for absorbing oxygen.

_______________ - an iron containing protein that combines with oxygen to form OXYHEMOGLOBIN which carries oxygen to the body. Each erythrocyte contains approx. 280 million molecules of hemoglobin.

_______________ - a number of different conditions caused by an inability to carry sufficient oxygen to the body cells due to:

• 1. inadequate number of _______________ (lost by hemorrhage or inadequate production (cancer, radiation))
• 2. inadequate amount of _______________

_______________ DEFICIENCY ANEMIA - lack of _______________ in the diet causes lack of hemoglobin, lack of oxygen, lack of energy.

_______________ ANEMIA - caused by a defiency of RBC's due to lack of _______________.

_______________ ANEMIA - caused by _______________ of an abnormal type of hemoglobin. When oxygen levels in blood fall, defective hemoglobin crytallizes distorting into a sickle shape.

_______________ - bone marrow produces too many RBC's

Blood Doping - _______________ by athletes to raise their level of RBC's and increase oxygen delivery to muscles.

_______________ - A blood test that separates and measures the different portions of blood.

• RBC's = _______________% in normal blood
• _______________ Coat - made of WBC's and platelets
• Plasma = approx _______________% of blood

WHITE BLOOD CELL FUNCTIONS

_______________ LEUKOCYTES:

• 1. _______________ - these are the most numerous of the _______________ which engulf and digest microbes.
• 2. _______________ - help protect the body from irritants that cause allergies. Also capable of phagocytosis.
• 3. _______________ - also help with allergic reactions, produce a chemical called _______________ which prevents clotting of blood.

_______________ LEUKOCYTES:

• 1. _______________ - protect against disease by producing an immunity to previous invaders. Will be discussed with the immune system.
• 2. _______________ - digest (phagocytize) microbes

_______________ - low white blood count, usually caused by diseases of the immune system

_______________ - abnormally high white count, usually because of infection

_______________ - malignant blood cancer that causes increase of leukocytes

PLATELET FUNCTION: Clotting

As platelets collect around an injured vessel, some break up and release _______________ which combine with _______________ (a protein found in the plasma) to form _______________ (an enzyme) that changes _______________ to _______________, a gel-like fiber that catches RBC's and forms the clot.

VITAMIN _______________ - stimulates liver to increase production of prothrombin.

_______________ - a blood clot

_______________ - the condition of having a blood clot

_______________ - a dislodged clot

_______________ - the condition of having a dislodged blood clot

BLOOD TYPES

_______________ = 45% - UNIVERSAL DONOR

_______________ = 41%

_______________ = 10%

_______________ = 4% - UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT

_______________- a substance that stimulates the production of antibodies

_______________- a substance that reacts to an antigen, usually causing them to clump together

_______________ - clumping of antibodies and antigens

_______________ FACTOR - an antigen found in 85% of human blood. First discovered in the blood of the Rhesus monkey.

_______________ _______________ - disease caused by the reaction of an Rh negative mother carrying an Rh positive child.

INHERITANCE OF BLOOD TYPE:

The inheritance of blood is an example of a genetic condition known as multiple allelles. This means that it is a little more complicated than the simple dominant / recessive traits that we usually discuss. Blood types A and B are what is known as co-dominant. When both are inherited, both will be expressed. Neither is recessive to the other. Both A and B, however, are dominant to the inheritance of O, which is the lack or either A or B factor.

We use the lowercase letter i to represent the recessive type O. The genotypes (possible gene combinations) for blood type can be represented by the chart below:

Rh factor is inherited separately from blood type. The inheritance of Rh factor (positive) is dominant to the inheritance of negative (no Rh factor).