THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

HEART ANATOMY:

1. Located in the _____________, 2/3 of it is on the left side of midline, 1/3 is on the right.

2. Size and shape is similar to a _____________

3. Weighs approx. 11 oz. and pumps _____________

4 CHAMBERS:

Right Atrium - receiving chamber (from _____________)

Left Atrium - receiving chamber (from _____________)

Right Ventricle - discharging chamber (to _____________)

Left Ventricle - discharging chamber (to _____________)

_____________ = the wall between chambers

_____________ = found on each atrium, resembles a dog's ear

_____________ = walls of cardiac muscle

_____________ = smooth lining of heart chambers (inflammation of this is called endocarditis)

_____________ = covering sac containing lubricating fluid

2 layers:

1. _____________ pericardium = inner layer (also called epicardium)

2. _____________ pericardium = outer layer

HEART VALVES:

2 Atrioventricular Valves (AV):

1. _____________ Valve = between right atrium and ventricle

2. _____________ (Mitral Valve) = between left atrium and ventricle

2 Semilunar Valves:

1. _____________ valve = at beginning of aorta

2. _____________ valve = at beginning of pulmonary artery

Heart Sounds:

"lub" = closing of _____________valves (ventricles contract)

"dub" = closing of _____________ valves (heart relaxes)

VESSELS CONNECTED TO HEART:

__________________________ - brings blood to right atrium from above

__________________________ - brings blood to right atrium from below

_____________ Artery - takes blood from right ventricle to Lungs

_____________ - brings blood from lungs to left atrium

_____________- takes blood from left ventricle to body

Coronary Arteries

Right Coronary Artery - divides into the _____________ artery and Post Interventricular artery

Left Coronary Artery - divides into the _____________ artery and Anterior Interventricular arteries

_____________ INFARCTION = Death or damage to the tissue of the myocardium (usually because of a blocked artery)

_____________ PECTORIS = Chest pain caused by insufficient oxygen to the heart. (usually occurs during exertion or exercise that increases demand for oxygen)

CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF HEART

__________________________ (SA node):

Instability of the nerve membrane generates a nerve impulse by itself. Can be regulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Impulse spreads out over atria causing them to contract.

_____________ Node (AV node) :

Transmits impulse from atria to the ventricles along special tract of fibers called the _____________. These bundles branch out into special conduction fibers called _____________.

If the AV node is destroyed or damaged the atria and ventricles will contract independently.

MONITORING THE HEART

_____________ (ECG or EKG) - a recording of the electrical changes that accompany the cardiac cycle. The typical cycle consists of PQRST segments.

_____________ WAVE - depolarization of the atrium (contraction)

_____________ WAVE - depolarization of the ventricle

_____________ WAVE - repolarization of the ventricle

A typical EKG uses 12 electrodes to measure the electrical impulses from different locations. Appearance of the EKG at each location may be different.

BLOOD VESSELS

ARTERIES (also includes arterioles)

Primary function: distribute blood away from heart

3 layers:

1. Tunica _____________ - outer connective tissue

2. Tunica _____________ - middle layer; contains vasodilators and vasoconstrictors

3. Tunica _____________ - inner layer, single layer of endothelial cells.

VEINS

Primary function: veins return blood to _____________

The muscle layer is much _____________ than arteries.

Veins in extremities contain _____________.

CAPILLARIES

Primary function: _____________ between blood and cells

Single layer of endothelial cells.

CIRCULATION

_____________ - Blood flow from the heart to all parts of the body and then back again.

_____________ - Blood flow from the heart to lungs and back

_____________ - Blood flows from spleen, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, and intestines

into the liver by way of the portal vein.

The liver is responsible for glycogenolysis: the conversion of excess glucose into glycogen by the hormone glucagon. The liver also removes and detoxifies poisonous substances such as ammonia compounds formed from amino acids.

FETAL CIRCULATION :

Circulation before birth differs because the fetus must get oxygen from the _____________ instead of lungs. Two umbilical arteries carry fetal blood to the placenta.

One umbilical vein brings fetal blood back to the fetus.

__________________________ - bypasses the liver

__________________________ - routes blood from the right atrium to the left atrium.

__________________________ - connects the aorta and the pulmonary artery

BLOOD PRESSURE

Average blood pressure in the arteries is 100 mm of Hg (mercury)

Systolic pressure = _____________

Diastolic pressure = _____________

Pressure drops as blood goes further from the heart.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

_____________ = fluid that filters from blood into tissues where it is called _____________ FLUID.

Interstitial fluid drains into lymphatic capillaries which eventually empty back into a vein.

The largest lymph vessel is the THORACIC DUCT which empties its contents into the left subclavian vein.

LYMPH _____________ = oval structures clustered along the lymphatic vessels. They filter bacteria from lymph and produce lymphocytes and monocytes.

_____________ lymph vessels (4) carry lymph into lymph nodes.

_____________ lymph vessel (1) carries lymph away from lymph nodes.

_____________ = forms lymphocytes and monocytes, stores blood

CPR: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Rhythmic compressions of the heart between the sternum and vertebrae, combined with artificial respiration.