THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

I. Functions of the skeletal system

   A. ____________________

   B. ____________________

   C. ____________________

   D. ____________________

   E. Blood Cell formation (____________________)




II. MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE & CARTILAGE

   A. Bone Types

      1. ____________________

         a. ____________________ surrounded by open spaces.

         b. Found in ____________________ of bones

         c. Spaces contain ____________________

      2. Compact

         a. ____________________ system

         b. Concentric ____________________

         c. ____________________ containing ____________________

         d. ____________________

   B. Cartilage

      1. Cell type called ____________________

      2. ____________________ gel-like and lacks blood  vessels




III. STRUCTURE OF LONG BONES

   A. Structural components

      1. ____________________ (shaft)

      2. Medullary cavity contains ____________________  marrow

      3. ____________________ (ends) filled with spongy bone containing red marrow

      4. ____________________ cartilage covers epiphyses as a cushion

      5. ____________________ - strong membrane covering bone (except at joints)




IV. BONE FORMATION & GROWTH

   A. Early skeleton made of ____________________

   B. Cartilage replaced gradually by ____________________

   C. ____________________ cells form new bone

   D. ____________________ cells tear down bone

   E. ____________________ - excessive loss of calcium and collagen from bone causing frequently  
 

        or  easily broken bones.  (Most common in elderly white females)







V. DIVISIONS OF SKELETON

   A. ____________________ Skeleton

      1. ____________________

      2. ____________________

      3. Thorax

      4. Hyoid bone










Bones of the axial skeleton:

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid,  Nasal, Maxillary, Zygomatic, Mandible,
Lacrimal, Palatine, Inferior turbinate, Vomer, Malleus, Incus, Stapes, Hyoid, Cervical vertebrae,
Thoracic vertebrae, Lumbar vertebrae, Sacrum, Coccyx, True ribs, False ribs, Sternum




Spinal curvature: curved structure gives more strength.  Baby's curve is ____________________. 
Adult curve has __________ convex and ____________ concave.

Abnormal curves:

____________________ - side to side

____________________ - swayback

____________________ - hunchback




   B. ____________________ skeleton

      1. Upper extremities including:    arms, hands, shoulder girdle

      2. Lower extremities including:    legs, feet, and hips




Bones of the appendicular skeleton:

Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpal, Metacarpals, Phalanges (Proximal, Meidal,
Distal), Innominate bones (Illium, Ischium, Pubis), Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsal bones,
Metatarsals




VI. DIFFERENCES IN MALE & FEMALE SKELETONS

   A. Size - male usually ____________________

   B. Shape of pelvis

      1. ____________________ deep and narrow

      2. ____________________ broad and shallow

   C. Size of pelvic inlet - female ____________________

   D. Pubic angle - ____________________ generally wider







VII. JOINTS (ARTICULATIONS)

   A. Kinds of joints

      1. ____________________ - no movement   (skull bones)

      2. ____________________ - slight movement    (between pubic bones or vertebrae)

         Fibrous disks between vertebrae may  rupture and press on nerves. This is 

         a ____________________ disk (slipped disk).

      3. ____________________ - free movement

         a. Joints held together by ____________________

         b. Articular cartilage absorbs shock

         c. Synovial membranes line joint  cavity and secretes fluid

         d. Joint cavity - space between

   B. Types of freely movable joints

         a. Ball and socket - ____________________

         b. Hinge - ____________________

         c. Pivot - ____________________

         d. Saddle - ____________________




Students should be prepared to identify bones and bone processes on diagrams and on a lab test.



As a minimum you should be able to locate and identify the following bones and markings:

I. Skull
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Nasal
Maxilla
Zygomatic
Mandible
Lacrimal
Palatine
Inferior concha
Vomer
Saggital Suture
Squamous Suture
Coronal Suture
Lambdoidal Suture
Mastoid Process
External auditory meatus
Styloid process
Mental foramen
Infraorbital foramen
Supraorbital foramen

II. Vertebral Column and Thorax:
Cervical vertebrae (7)
   Atlas - 1st
   Axis - 2nd
Thoracic vertebrae - 12
Lumbar vertebrae - 5
Sacrum
Coccyx
True ribs - 7 pairs
False ribs - 5 pairs
   Floating ribs - last 2 pairs of false ribs
Sternum
Xiphoid process

III.  Extremities:
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
   Head
   Neck
   Capitulum
   Trochlea
   Olecranon fossa
Radius
   Head
   Radial tuberosity
   Styloid process of radius
Ulna
   Olecranon process
   Coronoid process
   Styloid process of ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
   Proximal
   Medial
   Distal
Coxal bones
   Illium
   Ischium
   Pubis
Femur
   Head
   Neck
   Greater trochanter
   Lesser trochanter
Patella
Tibia
   Intercondylar eminence
   Tibial tuberosity
   Medial malleolus
Fibula
   Head
   Lateral malleolus
Tarsals
   Calcaneus
   Talus
Metatarsals
Phalanges of the foot