ANATOMY - Cells and Tissues

I. CELLS - named by ____________________ in 1600's

   A. Size and shape

      1. Vary in size from 7 to 1,000 ____________________

      2. All microscopic

      3. Vary in shape

   B. Composition

      1. Cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane contains special

         organelles

      2. Four major elements - _______________________________________

         make up ____________________

      3. Over 20 ____________________ important to  prevent conditions such as Goiter

      4. Bulk of cytoplasm composed of  ________________________________________

   C. Structural Parts

      1. ____________________ membrane

         a. Boundary of cell

         b. Double layer of ____________________  containing proteins

         c. Selectively ____________________

      2. Cytoplasmic organelles

         a. ____________________ reticulum

            1. Connecting canals

            2. Used for ____________________

            3. 2 types

               (a) Smooth ER carries ____________________

               (b) Rough ER carries ____________________

         b. ____________________

            1. Manufacture ____________________

            2. Attached to ____________________ or free

         c. ____________________

            1. Energy releasing reactions

            2. Composed of inner & outer  membranes

         d. ____________________

            1. Contain digesting ____________________

            2. Have protective function

         e. ____________________ apparatus

            1. Collection of small ____________________

            2. Manufacture carbohydrate  secretions like mucus

            3. ____________________ secretions for export

         f. ____________________

            1. Paired organelles used in  ____________________

            2. Lie at right angles to each  other near nucleus

      3. ____________________

         a. Controls organelles

         b. Controls cell reproduction

         c. Contains chromatin, nucleoplasm  nucleoli, and nuclear membrane

   D. Cell Functions

      1. Regulation of life processes

      2. Survival of species through reproduction




II. Movement of substances through membranes

   A. ____________________ transport - doesn't require added energy

      1. Always moves from _______________ concentration to _____________ concentration

      2. Diffusion

         a. Substances scatter by ____________________ motion

         b. 2 types

            (1) ____________________ - diffusion of water  through a membrane

            (2) ____________________ - diffusion of  solutes through a membrane

      3. ____________________ diffusion

         a. Also moves "____________________ the gradient"

         b. Requires a ____________________ molecule

         c. ____________________ diffusion

      4. Filtration

         a. Movement of water & solutes  caused by ____________________ on one side of

            a membrane

         b. Responsible for urine formation

   B. ____________________ Transport

      1. Occurs only in living cells

      2. Moves "____________________ the gradient"

      3. Requires engergy from ____________________

      4. Permease Systems

         a. Permease = protein in membrane

         b. Called ____________________

      5. ____________________ - engulfing of large, solid particles

      6. ____________________ - engulfing of small particles or fluids

III. Tonicity

     A. ____________________ - equal concentration of  dissolved solutes on each side of

        the membrane

     B. ____________________ - higher level of   dissolved solutes than inside the 

        cell. Cells placed in this solution  will shrink (crenation)

     C. ____________________ - lower level of dissolved  solutes than inside the cell

         Cells placed in this solution will  burst (lyse)




IV. Tissues

    A. ____________________ tissue

       1. Covers body and lines cavities

       2. Cells packed tightly together

       3. Subdivided by shape and arrangement

       4. Shapes

          a. ____________________ - flat

          b. ____________________ - cube shaped  Click to see picture

          d. ____________________ - taller than wide

       5. Arrangement of epithelium

          a. ____________________ - single layers

          b. ____________________ - several layers

          c. ____________________ - layers of  differing shapes

       6. Combined types

          a. Simple squamous - ____________________  Click to see picture
                    
          b. Stratified squamous - ____________________  Click to see picture

          c. Simple columnar - ____________________  Click to see picture

          d. Stratified transitional - ____________________

       7. ____________________ epithelial

          a. Secrete saliva, digestive juice,   and hormones

          b. Secrete into ducts, blood, or  skin

    B. ____________________ Tissue

       1. Most abundant in body

       2. Most widely distributed

       3. Contains relatively few ____________________,  abundant matrix, webs, and cords

       4. Types

          a. ____________________ - glue that holds organs   together Click to see picture

          b. ____________________ - fat storage Click to see picture

          c. ____________________ - strong fibers (tendon)Click to see picture

          d. ____________________ - matrix is calcified Click to see picture

          e. ____________________ - chondrocytes Click to see picture

           f. ____________________- matrix is fluid Click to see picture

    C. Muscle tissue

       1. ____________________  Click to see picture

          a. attaches to bones

          b. striated

          c. ____________________

       2. ____________________ Click to see picture

          a. heart wall

          b. striated

          c. ____________________

       3. ____________________ Click to see picture

          a. smooth

          b. unstriated

          c. ____________________

    D. Nervous tissue

       1. Cell types

          a. ____________________ - conducting cells

          b. ____________________ - supporting and  connecting cells

       2. Neurons

          a. Cell body

          b. ____________________ - carries impulse away  from cell body

          c. ____________________ - carries impulse to  cell body

       3. Function - ____________________