The Male Reproductive System

Identify the location of the following parts:

Testes, Epididymis, Vas deferens, Urethra, Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, Bulbourethral gland, Scrotum, Penis

The ___________________ are considered to be the essential reproductive organs. The essential organs in both males and females are called ___________________ . The word gonad comes from the Greek word "gonos" meaning "seed." The seeds are the spermatozoa.

The other organs are called ___________________ organs.

EXTERNAL GENITALS

The genitals consists of 2 organs, the ___________________ and the ___________________.

The scrotum is a skin-covered pouch that covers the testes and suspends them from the groin region. (Testicles require a ___________________ temperature to produce sperm.)

The scrotum is divided into 2 sacs by a wall called the septum. The testes are connected to the rest of the body by blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, the epididymis, and the spermatic cords

The penis is the male organ of ___________________, or sexual intercourse. The penis is made of 3 structures:

1 ___________________ and 2___________________

These ___________________ tissues are full of small cavities that become filled with blood causing them to swell enough to produce an erection of the penis. The climax of coitus known as orgasm causes the expulsion of ___________________ from the penis.

TESTES

Small oval shaped glands approx 1.5 in long and 1 inch wide.

___________________albuginea - a membrane that covers the testes

___________________ - 200-300 sections inside the testicle

___________________ tubules - small coiled tubes that are found in each lobule. Their function is to produce the sperm cells in their walls.

The seminiferous tubules begin to produce sperm cells at ___________________ when the pituitary gland begins producing FSH. Approximately ___________________ sperm cells are produced per day. Each sperm cell takes approx 60 - 75 days to complete spermatogenesis.

Special cells called Sertoli cells sustain and protect the sperm cells from immune system attacks.

Spermatozoa or sperm consist of a head, a midpiece, and a tail.

___________________- contains chromosomes and enzymes to help in penetrating the egg

___________________ - contains many mitochondria that provide the energy for movement

___________________ - the flagellum that propels it

The ___________________ cells, located between the seminiferous tubules, begin producing testosterone when ICSH, ______________________________________, is produced at puberty. Testosterone is responsible for development and growth of the male sex organs, stimulates bone growth, promotes building of ___________________, maturation of sperm, and development of ___________________ sex characteristics.

Sperm cells leave the seminiferous tubules and are stored in the coiled ___________________ where they mature and are stored for up to 4 weeks. After that they are ___________________ into the body.

From the epididymis the sperm travel through the ___________________ where they may also be stored. The vas deferens propels the sperm into the ___________________ during coitus.

The seminal vesicles, the ___________________ gland, and the ___________________ (Cowper's) glands produce the seminal fluid. Approx ___________________ milliliters of semen is ejaculated at one time. Each milliliter usually contains ___________________ sperm. The prostate and bulbourethral glands produce an ___________________ fluid that neutralizes the acidity of the female reproductive system.

The seminal vesicles also produce an alkaline fluid but also contains ___________________, an energy supply for the sperm cells. Sperm may survive approx. ___________________ hrs in the female reproductive system.

___________________ - a method of male sterilization by making an incision in the scrotum, cutting and tying the ends of the tubes. Sperm cells can no longer reach the exterior and degenerate. This has no effect on production of seminal fluid or sexual desire.

SPERMATOGENESIS

Spermatogenesis occurs in the ___________________ tubules by a type of cell division known as ___________________.

Before we can begin meiosis we must review the process of MITOSIS.

MITOSIS: the ___________________ of the chromosomes and division of the ___________________ during cell division.

THE CELL CYCLE: the normal growth pattern of a cell. It consists of Interphase (including the G₁ phase, S stage, and G₂ stages), and mitosis.

___________________: the period of growth and development between divisions. During this time the chromatin material is long and thread-like. It cannot be seen by a light microscope at this time. Interphase is not considered a part of mitosis.

G₁ stage: a period of rapid ___________________

S stage: Synthesis stage - the chromosomes are ___________________ during this time.

G₂ stage: a second period of growth

PROPHASE:

1. Chromosomes ______________________________________.

Each chromosome consists of two shortened rods called ___________________ held together by the centromere. Each chromatid is identical.

2. ___________________ disappear.

3. Centriole doubles and separates.

4. ___________________ fibers form.

5. Nuclear membrane ___________________.

METAPHASE: Chromosomes are lined up along the ___________________ of the cell.

ANAPHASE: Chromatids ___________________. Each chromatid is now called a chromosome. They move toward the opposite poles.

TELOPHASE:

1. ___________________ fibers disappear.

2. ___________________ reforms.

3. Nucleoli reform.

4. Chromosomes uncoil and disappear.

___________________: the divsion of the cytoplasm.

Usually begins during telophase. Animal cells pinch apart. Plant cells form a CELL PLATE.

MEIOSIS

___________________ is the process that reduces the number of chromosomes in sex cells to half the number in somatic cells.

___________________ NUMBER: a full set of chromosomes

___________________ NUMBER: half a set of chromosomes, one from each pair.

Meiosis is similar to mitosis. Chromosomes double before beginning prophase. The cells go through prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. But they go through them ___________________. The chromatids divide differently from mitosis.

PROPHASE I: ___________________ occurs ,homologous (similar) chromosomes pair up and wrap around each other. This forms a ___________________.

METAPHASE I: tetrads line up at equator.

ANAPHASE I: ___________________ separate and go to opposite poles but centromeres do not separate.

TELOPHASE I: chromosomes reach poles. Cytokinesis occurs.

At the end of Meiosis I each cell contains two copies of ___________________member of the homologous pair.

Chromosomes ___________________ before Prophase II.

PROPHASE II: new spindle fibers form

METAPHASE II: chromosomes line up

ANAPHASE II: chromatids separate

TELOPHASE II: new nuclei and cells form.

Each cell has half the chromosomes of the parent cell.

FEMALE REPRODUCTION

STRUCTURES OF THE FEMALE:

External:

___________________ = elevation of fatty tissue over the pubic bones

___________________ = small mass of erectile tissue and nerves, organ of sexual stimulation

Orifice of urethra = opening to urethra

Orifice of Vagina = opening to vagina

___________________ = thin fold of membrane around the opening of the vagina

Orifice of Bartholin's gland = openings to bartholin's glands

Skene's ducts = secrete lubricating mucus

___________________ = 2 small folds of skin

___________________ = 2 larger folds of skin lateral to the labia minora

Internal:

___________________ = produce ova (eggs)

___________________ = transport eggs to uterus

___________________ = womb

___________________ = narrow neck of uterus

___________________ = muscular tube lined with mucus membranes (approx. 4 inches)

___________________ - are the essential reproductive organs of the female. They are located in the pelvic cavity. Each ovary consists of several thousand sacs called ___________________ follicles, each of which contains an ovum. A mature ovum in its sac is called a ___________________. The ovaries usually release ___________________ ovum per month and produce 2 types of hormones, estrogen and progesterone.

___________________ is the feminizing hormone. It is responsible for development of the female shape, development of the breasts, and stimulation of the reproductive organs.

Each follicle contains ___________________ cells that secrete estrogen. Progesterone is secreted by the ___________________. As the ovum matures the zona pellucida surrounds it, forming a barrier that the sperm must penetrate. After the ovum is released the empty follicle becomes the ___________________.

___________________ - serve as ducts for the ovaries even though not directly connected. Each tube, approx 4 inches, has microscopic projections that draw the ovum into the tubes. The epithelium that lines the tubes carries the ovum to the uterus, taking approx 3-4 days.

___________________ - a pear-shaped organ, about the size of a fist, consists of 3 major parts:

___________________ - topmost part

___________________ - major part

___________________ - narrow lower part

The uterus performs 3 functions: ___________________, ___________________, ___________________.

MENSTRUAL CYCLE:

___________________ - first menstrual period

___________________ - termination of menstrual cycles

A typical menstrual cycle lasts approx. ___________________ days. Each cycle consists of 3 phases:

1. Menstrual period (___________________)

2. Postmenstrual phase

3. Premenstrual phase

The menstrual cycle begins with the first day of the period. This first phase lasts approximately from day ___________________. During this time the lining of the uterus (the ___________________) which was thickened to prepare for pregnancy, deteriorates and sloughs off dead cells. A small amount of bleeding occurs from the torn blood vessels that result. During the ___________________ the lining of the uterus repairs itself. This occurs during cycle days 6 through ___________________.

___________________ occurs on Day 14 of a 28-day cycle. It always occurs ___________________ days before the beginning of the next period.

The ___________________ phase occurs from day 15 to day 28. During this phase the uterine lining prepares for pregnancy by growing thicker and increasing the blood supply.

Several hormones are important in regulating these phases:

___________________ = follicle stimulating hormone

___________________

___________________ = luteinizing hormone

___________________

Beginning at day 1, the ___________________ secretes increasing amounts of FSH. FSH stimulates several follicles in the ovary to begin growing and secrete ___________________. As estrogen increases it causes the anterior pituitary to secrete ___________________, the ovulating hormone. As LH rises rapidly it causes the follicle to ___________________, releasing the egg (ovulation) and forming the ___________________ from the empty follicle.

The rising levels of estrogen and progesterone ___________________ the production of FSH and LH, causing them to decrease. As LH decreases the corpus luteum ___________________ causing the levels of progesterone and estrogens to ___________________. This drop in estrogens and progesterone causes the next ___________________. The now low levels of estrogen and progesterone allow the pituitary to secrete ___________________ again and begins a new ovulatory cycle.

If the egg is fertilized, the placenta of the developing baby produces HCG, ___________________, which maintains the corpus luteum and secretes estrogens and progesterone itself, halting further ___________________ until the baby is born. The presence of HCG can be detected in the urine and is used as a pregnancy test.

Terms to know:

___________________ = removal of the uterus

___________________ = removal of the ovaries

___________________ = inflammation of the fallopian tubes

___________________ = growth of endometrial tissue outside of uterus (in the pelvic cavity)

OOGENESIS

The formation of ova begins ___________________.

The oogonia or egg mother cells develop into primary oocytes during the 3 month of prenatal development. They remain in this stage until ___________________ when the production of FSH stimulates them to mature.

LABOR & DELIVERY

From fertilization to birth, the human pregnancy lasts about ___________________ days or ___________________ weeks. During this time, estrogen causes the ___________________ and breasts to enlarge. Progesterone stimulates the ___________________ glands and the ___________________. Relaxin relaxes the pelvic ligaments so that the pelvic outlet is larger and more flexible. Other changes occur as well: metabolism increases 5-10%, blood volume increases 11%, tissue fluids by 21%, weight increases by about 20 lbs., mild nausea may be common during the first 3 months.

___________________ = the process of giving birth. (3 stages):

1st stage - Labor contractions & dilation

As progesterone decreases in late pregnancy, estrogen and oxytocin cause contractions of the uterus. Periodic episodes of contractions called ___________________ contractions are common but become stronger toward the end. Contractions cause pressure on the cervix which stimulates more oxytocin, which causes greater contractions, more pressure, more oxytocin, and so on.

During this time the cervix flattens (effacement) and dilates. The cervix is completely dilated at ___________________. This may last for hours.

2nd Stage Labor - ___________________ -

(The Pushing Stage)

This stage is marked by emotional changes and an urge to push. 2nd stage labor usually lasts about 30 minutes on the first delivery, but much shorter for other children.

During this time, the Doctor may perform an ___________________, an incision in the perineum to enlarge the opening and prevent tearing.

Once the baby's head is delivered mucous is suctioned from the mouth & nose. Then, after the body is delivered, the cord is cut.

3rd Stage Labor - "___________________"

After the birth contractions continue until the placenta separates from the uterus and is delivered. Then the uterus is massaged to help stop bleeding.