THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:

1. ___________________

2. ___________________

3. ___________________

4. ___________________

5. ___________________

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT:

Nose, nasopharynx, ___________________, laryngopharynx, and ___________________

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT:

___________________, ___________________, ___________________

RESPIRATORY MUCOSA: - the membrane that lines the tubes in the respiratory system.

Over ___________________ ml. of mucus / day.

Mucus (___________________) moves upward by action of cilia.

Mucosa cleans, warms, humidifies.

NOSE:

External ___________________ - nostrils

Nasal Cavities

Nasal ___________________ - divides cavities

Paranasal sinuses - (___________________, ___________________, ___________________, ___________________) drain into nasal cavities

___________________ - small partitions of bone; covered in mucosa; provide extra surface area

___________________: 5 inches long.

___________________pharynx - behind nasal cavities

___________________pharynx - behind mouth

___________________pharynx - lowest section

___________________ tubes - equalize pressure

___________________ tonsils (Adenoids) - in the nasopharynx

___________________ tonsils - in the oropharynx

___________________ tonsils - in the laryngopharynx

Tonsils contain ___________________ tissue

LARYNX: (___________________ box)

Thyroid cartilage (___________________)

Vocal cords

___________________ - closes larynx during swallowing

TRACHEA:

___________________ inches long

15 or 20 rings of ___________________.

Very difficult to close but can be blocked.

4,000 choking deaths each year.

Heimlich maneuver used to clear.

BRONCHI, BRONCHIOLES, ALVEOLI

___________________ bronchi

___________________ bronchi

___________________

___________________ ducts

Alveolar ___________________ - millions of tiny sacs that provide a surface area of approx. 1,100 square feet.

___________________ - each alveolus has a wall approximately 1/5000th of an inch thick (the respiratory membrane)

___________________ - the substance that coats the inside of the alveoli; reduces surface tension; prevents collapse

LUNGS AND PLEURA

___________________ - narrow portion at top

Base - broad portion at bottom

___________________ Pleura lines thoracic cavity

___________________ Pleura covers lungs

___________________ - inflammation of pleura

___________________ - presence of air in the pleural space causes lung to collapse (usually due to puncture wounds)

RESPIRATION: exchange of gases

External resp. - from ___________________ to blood

Internal resp. - from blood to ___________________

___________________ - breathing out; exhale

___________________ - breathing in; inhale

Rib muscles and diaphragm expand the chest cavity creating lower pressure.

___________________ Law - Pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of the container.

Pressure of gas inside lungs before inspiration = 760 mm Hg.

Pressure of gas inside lungs during inspiration = 758 mm Hg.

Pressure of gas inside lungs during expiration = 763 mm Hg.

GAS EXCHANGE IN LUNGS:

___________________ - from high concentration to lower concentration.

Dalton's Law - (___________________ Pressures)

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure in proportion to the volume it occupies in the total volume. Example:

Nitrogen = 78% x 760 mm = ___________________ mm Hg

Oxygen = 21% x 760 mm = ___________________ mm Hg

CO₂ - 0.03% x 760 mm = ___________________ mm Hg

Blood returning to lungs is low in oxygen. (p₀₂ = 40 mm Hg.)

(p₀₂ in lungs = 100 mm Hg.)

Oxygen diffuses from ___________________ to ___________________.

Oxygen in blood combines with hemoglobin to form ___________________.

Blood returning to lungs is high in carbon dioxide. (p_C02 = 46 mm Hg.)

(p_C02 in lungs = 40 mm Hg.)

Carbon dioxide diffuses from ___________________ to ___________________.

Most carbon dioxide is carried as ___________________ ions in the plasma; some forms carbaminohemoglobin.

EXCHANGE OF GAS IN TISSUES:

Reverse of gas exchange in lungs

p₀₂ in arteries = 95 mm Hg.

p₀₂ in tissues = 40 mm Hg.

p₀₂ in veins = 40 mm Hg.

p_C02 in arteries = 40 mm Hg.

p_C02 in tissues = 46 mm Hg.

p_C02 in veins = 46 mm Hg.

Gas Pressure Chart

VOLUMES OF AIR EXCHANGED IN VENTILATION:

___________________ - machine used to measure breathing volume.

___________________ volume - normal volume (normally 500 ml. per breath)

___________________ Capacity - maximum volume (usually approx. 4800 ml)

___________________ capacity - volume that can be exhaled after expiring tidal volume

(1000 - 1200 ml)

___________________capacity - volume that can be inhaled after normal inspiration.

(3000 - 3300 ml)

___________________ volume - volume that remains after most forceful exhalation. (1200 ml)

DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

___________________ - oxygen deficiency

___________________ - walls of alveoli lose elasticity and remain filled. Some may rupture. The permanently inflated lungs cause increased chest size (barrel-chested). Smoking, pollution, and industrial dust are primary causes.

___________________ - difficult expiration caused by spasms in the muscles surrounding the bronchioles. Usually caused by allergic reactions.

___________________ - inflammation of the bronchioles.

___________________ - acute infection of inflammation of the alveoli. The alveoli fill with fluid and WBC's. Most common cause Streptococcus pneumoniae, although other bacteria, viruses, or fungi, may occur.

___________________ - caused by Mycobacterium tuberculsis, destroys part of lung tissue, replacing it with fibrous connective tissue.

Sleep Apnea - A condition in which a person temporarily stops breathing many times during a night's sleep. Symptoms include extreme daytime sleepiness, waking in a gasping condition, and extreme snoring. It is usually caused by loose tissue in the pharynx that blocks the passageway during sleep.

For further information regarding sleep apnea, visit my brother's web page on sleep apnea:
www.apneanet.org