1.) A structure is a set of interconnecting parts of a complex item that forms a framework for the whole. In a course, by showing the structurual organization and pointing out the relationships between the various parts, you can provide better communication and delivery of content. To structure content for a course you need to organize the conent in a way that connects the different parts of a ocurse to form a course map. 2.) Four principles of structuring are Chunking, Relevance, Labeling, and Modularity. Chunking is the most important of all the principles. To understand this principle, you must first understand the concept of a chunk. Chunks are blocks of information built around a key message. Exaples of chunks that can be made for a course called "Getting Started with Computers" are: How to switch on a computer, and how to open an application. Two guidelines for Chunking are: consider learner experience and consider content complexity. For considering learner experience, learners' capacity to absorb information differes based on experience level. Form chunks according to the experience of the learner. For consider content complexity, the simpler the content, the bigger the chunk can be. Form smaller chunks for complex information. The principle of Relevance is related to chunking. Instructional designers should provide only useful and relevant information in the chunks. While forming chunks, keep in mind that they should address the question "What's in it for me?", from the point of view of the learner. Relevance also will make the the learner be eager to acquire hands-on experience. For Relevance guidlines, you should consider real-life application and consider the problems faced by the learner. When asssessing the relevance of a chunk, decide whether or not the learner will apply the knowledge or skill delivered by that chunk in real life. Also, the learner requires help and advice on solving problems faced in a specific area. The principle of labeling is to provide an appropiate name or title to a chunk. The guidelines are labeling are to be brief and Use nouns or gerund forms. For being brief, labels should use complete sentences or long phrases. And for using nouns or gerund forms, lebels should be in the form of nouns such as "The Project Plan" or gerund form such as, "Creating a Project Plan. And another principle is modularity. Modularity is to allow learners to select the content they want to go through and the sequence in which to go through the content. Guidlines are as followed: When reusing a topic or section from one course to another, check whether the courses are techincally compatitble. Also, avoid the use of cross-references such as "In the previous section, you learned about..." 3.) The Format Painter icon is available on the Standard toolbar: This is a fact because it is assumed to be true and is presented without supporting evidence. To open a file, first go to Windows Explorer, right-click the file, and click Open: This is a procedure because it is an ordered sequence of steps performed to complete a task. Always maintain a backup of your important documents: This is a principle because it can be stated in the form of a rule to guide certain actions or explain certain changes. Run a virus check each time you insert a floppy in your computer: This is a process. A hologram is a three-dimensional picture made by illuminating an object with laser light: This is a concept because it can be suported by example based on characteristics. A database organizes data in rows and columns: This is concept as will because it can be supported by example based on characteristics. To create a table in a Word document, click Table on the main menu, and select Instert Table. Enter the number of columns and number of rows in the Insert Table dialog box, and click OK: This is a procedure because it is an ordered sequence of steps performed to complete a task. 4.) A task-centered structure organizes content around the job-related tasks of learners. It is particularly useful for structuring a course for learners who need to perform taskes in a specific order. A topic-centerd structure organizes the content by topics, which refer to key messages or content blocks. The information in the topics can be conceptual, task-based, or a combination. It is also suitable for content that is heavy in concepts, such as a course on the history of computers, in which the topics will be "Mainframes," "Personal Computers," and "the Internet."