Mangoes
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Irshad Gardezi next to Samer Bahest Chausa at Farm
All over the world more mangos are eaten fresh than any other fruit!
Chausa,
Langra, Sindhri are The Best.
Mango. pdf files
Our objective is to have plants in a healthy state so that fruit quality and yield will be maximized. A healthy plant free of pests
and diseases, is trained to maximize light interception, has a balance between vegetative and reproductive growth, and has
its nutritional needs
satisfied.
cultivated farm .My brother Sajid Raza Gardezi stocked mango plants in 1963 in the farm on commercial scale. I joined him in
1970 and started making effort in new dimensions.We then brought in few tested varieties of mango plants i.e., Samer Bahest
Chausa , Langra, Dussahri Sindhri and Fajri Kala chausa(late)White chausa (late) black chausa as these are good in quality,
productivity and suitable for the local climate of Multan. (Pakistan) We have mixed tree orchard mango and kinnow orchard
and so far the results are encouraging .But as tree comes to close we are removing kinnow trees leaveing mango trees only .
The Mango Nutritional Value
The mango fruit is a large, fleshy drupe, containing an edible mesocarp of varying thickness. Fruit color is genotype-
dependant and range from green, greenish-yellow, yellow and red blush. The exocarp is thick and glandular. The mesocarp
can be fibrous or fiber-free with flavor ranging from turpentine to sweet. The endocarp is woody, thick and fibrous. No part
of the fruit is wasted. The seed is used for extraction of the starch 'amchur', and the peels have been used as a source of
anacardic acid. The mango wood is of low quality and the bark of the tree is an important source of tannins for curing
leather. Mango fruit contains amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, minerals, organic acids, proteins and vitamins. During
the ripening process, the fruit are initially acidic, astringent and rich in ascorbic acid. Following fruit set, starch accumulates
in the mesocarp. Free sugars, including glucose, fructose and sucrose generally increase during ripening
giving the fruit a turpentine to sweet tasting flavor varying with species. The fruit is picked from the tree prior to ripening for
export to other market places throughout the world. The fruit will turn colors during the ripening stage even after its
removal from the tree. Mangoes are an important component of the diet in many less developed countries in the tropics and
subtropics. In regions of the world that have experienced low living standards and serious nutrition deficiencies , the
mangoes attractiveness and flavor have also enhanced the quality of life.
MANGO
The mango is native to southern Asia, especially Burma, eastern India and Pakistan. It spread early on to Malaya, eastern Asia
and other countries.
The Pakistani and Indian Mangos have less tolerance against humidity and the bright red flushes of treesare subject to mildew. Most mango trees in Multan area are monoembryonic with single embrgo of highbrid origin can not
produce true from the seed. Grafting onto the seedling roots stock is dun to get the plants.The desired mango variety
grafting material (called "scion wood") from proven trees must be grafted onto a young seedling. We are continuously
planting seeds and grafting, selecting varieties that produce on and off-season fruit.Mangos are considered by many as the
most delicious of all fruit.Mangos basically require a frost-free climate. Flowers and small fruit can be killed if temperature
drops below 40° F, even for a short period. Young trees may be seriously damaged if the temperature drop below 30° F, but
mature trees may withstand for a very short periods in temperature as low as 25° F. The mangos must have warm, dry
weather to set fruit. In summer and following cool summer fog as well as Wet and humid weather can cause growth
of anthracnose consequently poor fruit set after ward. Dwarf cultivation is suitable in case more trees per acre are required
Few known mango spices of trees are long-lived as long as 300 years which are still capable of fruit production In deep soil
conditions where the taproot descends up to the depth of 20 ft and widely spread roots system the tree may gain the height
of 50 feet up. Old mango trees at the ageof 250 years are still fruiting in a farm located at a distance of 12 miles north-eest
of Multan at Sadder Pur which is quite close to my mango farm. The flowers are yellowish in inflorescences, which appears
on branch terminals. Flies, bees act as pollinators which are responsible to maintain the cycle of nature. FLOWERS. The
pyramidal flower panicles borne on mature terminal branches contain several hundred pale pink to white flowers that are
about 1/4 inch wide when open. Most of the flowers function as males and provide pollen, but some are bisexual and set
fruit. Pollination is by flies, wasps, and bees.Some of the flowers in each inflorescence are perfect, so do not produce pollen
and are incapable of producing fruit. Pollen cannot be shed in high humidity or rain.Mangos are monoecious and self-fertile.
The quality of the fruit is based on the scarcity of fiber and the taste. Some mango trees tend to be alternate bearing.
Fertilization is also ineffective when night temperatures are below 55° F. For perfect growth, mango tree needs a deep soil
to accommodate their extensive root systems. A pH between 5.5 and 7.5 is preferred. High Ph, soil may cause leaf tip burn.
where soils contain high levels of salt soil organisms are killed or Mango and Kinnow productivity is severely limited .The
problem increase when this salt is brought to the soil surface by pumping ground water as we are doing to overcome water
shortage from cannel water. Thus we have to treat the soil to keep it up to mark for trees . Trees also play a role in
discharging ground water On our farm we always look on trees for salt angry .Mango trees are somewhat tolerant to
alkalinity but make sure not to exhausted the soil’s nutrients or access buildup build-up of salt.
Mango trees require regular applications of nitrogen fertilizer to promote healthy growth flushes and flower production.
The best available fertilizer for a mango plant is organic fertilizer. Sandy soils require more fertilizer than loam or clay. . My
fertilizers feeding program for mangos is quite similar to one used for Kinnow and working satisfactory. But only in early
summer. Saving big mango trees from frost damage is still unknown to me and further studies are being carried out in that
respect. Winter temperature below 30 degrees damage leaves and twigs Flowering and fruit ingare seriously affected at
temperatures below 40 degrees during bloom. Do not prune dead parts until the frost danger is over. Mango fruit matures
in 100 to 150 days after flowering subject to various conditions. When the first fruit shows ripening color on tree, the fruit of
that size and over may beremoved. Do not store below 50°F.The fruit ripens best if placed stem- end down in trays at room
temperature with no air circulation so that fruit do not get dried off from outer layer. Irrigation, nutrition, pest spray, weeds
and grass control are the main steps to be taken to improve the conditions for a mature mango tree. Biennial bearing: The
term biennial, alternate or irregularbearing generally signifies the tendency of mango trees to bear a heavy crop in one year
(On year) and very little or no crop in the succeeding year (Off year). Most of the commercial varieties are biennial bearers.
When a tree produces heavy crop in one season, it gets exhausted nutritionally and is unable to put forth new flush thereby
failing to yield in the following season. The problem has been attributed to the causes like genetic, physiological,
environmental and nutritional factors.For overcoming biennial bearing, deblossoming is recommended to reduce the crop
load in the 'On' year such that it is balanced in the 'Off' year. Mature terminal branches bear pyramidal flower panicles that
have several hundred white flowers that are about a 1/4 inch wide when open. Most of the flowers function as males by
providing pollen, but some are bisexual and set fruit. Pollination is by flies, wasps, and bees.Proper maintenance of orchard
by way of effectively controlling pests and diseases and regular cultural operations may also result in better performance of
the tree every year. Fruit drop: Despite high fruit set initially, the ultimate retention is quite low in mango. The fruit drop is
more or less a continuous process and can be classified into three groups: (i) Pinhead drop, (ii) Post-setting drop and (iii)
May-month drop. The fruit drop in first two groups are insignificant compared to the third group which affects the final
yield significantly and needs more attention. Embryo abortion, climatic factors, disturbed water relation, lack of
nutrition, disease, pest and hormonal imbalancesare the major factors that lead to fruit drop. Midges, Mealybug ,caterpillars,
leafhoppers, thrips midges and mites are the most important pests attacking mango inflorescences.Soil pH of 5.5 to 7.5 is
preferred. Deep rich soils give the best production and fruit quality. Well drained soils are recommended.Dry weather during
the flowering period is best for fruit production. Wind can damage flowers and reduce yields. Mango trees should be
protected from strong winds, but windbreaks that shade or compete with them should be avoided
.
Pruning
Fruit is borne on new season's growth and usually on the tips of the outer branches of the tree. Therefore, it is only necessary
to lightly thin trees by removing weak, overcrowded or broken branches, keeping the centre of the tree open. Cut off
branches which are too near the ground.Developing trees should be trained to eliminate low branches less than 2 feet from
the ground, leaving three to four main branches on the trunk at different heights. Pruning of well-formed older trees is
usually confined to removal of dead branches. Pruning is preferably done after fruiting, before a growth flush occurs. Pruning
can also be done to restrict tree size for small yards or when more than 35 trees per acre are planted. Some delay in
flowering can be expected from new growth produced in response to pruning. Postharvest pruning is a common practice The
tree must receive full sun for optimum growth and fruiting. Mangos may be pruned to control size in early and late winter.
Dead wood must be removed.
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Fertilizer
Fertilizer may be a 1:1:1 or 1:2:2 ratio formulation, such as 16-16-16 or 10-20-20 Or 17.9.17 NPK. During tree establishment,
phosphorus (P) is important for root development. Young trees should receive 0.1 to 0.2 pound of N (e.g., 1 to 2 pounds of
10-20-20 fertilizer) per year during the first year and 0.15 to 0.3 pound of N (e.g., 1.5 to 3 pounds of 10.20.20) during years
two and three. The total annual amount of fertilizer should be divided into three or four applications, preferably applied
before growth flushes are anticipated . Cover ground around with wheat straw or rice straw to release food slowly on each
watering if termite is not there This method will discourage weed .Fruit BEARING TREES. Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are
needed by bearing trees for good yields. In general, bearing mango trees should receive about 1 pound of a complete
fertilizer (containing N, P, and K) annually for each inch of trunk diameter measured 4 to 5 feet above ground level. Half
of the fertilizer should be applied just before flowering and the rest applied after the crop is harvested. Supplemental N
should be applied just before flowering rather than during fall and winter when vegetative growth flushes rather than
flowering occur. We apply N after harvest. Tip burn of leaves is due to potassium deficiency, moisture deficiency
(water stress) or salt accumulation can cause the damage. Extreme fluctuations in soil moisture should be avoided.
Plants may need a heavy watering to flush salts out of the root zone. This may require an improvement in soil drainage .
Slow-release fertilizer formulations are preferred, except for supplemental N applications,which should have rapid release.
Fertilizers should be spread in a zone directly beneath the leaf drip line and , if possible, application should be followed by
irrigation. Nitrogen fertilizer is used to promote healthy growth flushes and flower production. Micronutrients, especially
iron, are also often necessary. A feeding program similar to one used for citrus is satisfactory on our farm as we have mixed
mango and kinnow trees in every archer. Average 25 mango and 75 kinnow trees., Dont fertilize after midsummer. Organic
fertilizers perform best on our farm but with Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) potassium (K) are needed by bearing trees for
good yields. We give urea 2kg,SOP or MOP 1kg, DAP 1kg to mango trees according to size and age of the tree in early
February. In April we give1kg.urea and after 15th August 1Kg. urea plus P & K if needed .Gypsum is spread in all archers in
march and November according to the condition of soil two days before watering the fields. Application of farm yard
manure for improving soil health and water holding capacity of the soil we spread farm yard manure in November three
tractor trolley load or more if possible per archer. Young trees are sensitive to over-fertilizing and are subject to fertilizer
burn. Sandy soils require more fertilizer than loam or clay.
Weed control is best down by spraying Round up when weeds are about one foot .After drying it give slow food to plants also
as soil is not disturb plants roots are not damage and more bectera work . Frost Protection: For young trees up to 3 to 4 year
required al around and overhead coverage coverage plus us straw trunk wraps. windbreaks that shade or compete with them
should be avoided. Most of the field we use tractor with cultivator to remove the weeds. If needed tractor with rote water.
Under the mango trees hoeing is down manly more then 4 time in a year specially after the application of chemical fertilizer
and farm yards manure .We have use Round up in some field to get red of weeds and found useful.
Irrigation
Irrigation is one of the most important criteria for successful regular, quality production fruit crops. To reducing the impact
of drought two times more area can be irrigated with the drip system not yet tested in my area .Hold soil moisture through
mulching either with black polyethylene or grass mulch (10 kg/basin), growing cover crops or inter-culturing in the orchards
Application of silt will improve the structure of soil and thus improve water-holding capacity of soil. We have planted all of
our mango and kinnow trees in silt as we first dig a 3x3 ft hole on the ground and fill it with silt brought from faraway site
as our soil is hard clay .We also add silt to our fields to make it workable. Clay dust checking the transpiration loss of water
from plant leaf surface thus may be acting as a anti-transparent. We apply irrigation water every week in summer as it is very
hot in multan area. Water applications timing is increased as we go close to winter .We have limited rainfall .Young mango
trees should not lack water and should be applied during the first year, every week or early if possible Mature trees are
more productive if irrigation water is withheld for at least two months before flowering. Although hot, dry weather
is favorable to fruit development, supplementary irrigation between flowering and harvest is advisable for good yields.
we have about 25 mangos and 75 kinnow per acre so we use irrigation water according to both trees need and time of year.
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Mango pest
Mango suffers from diseases at all stages of its life. All the parts of the plant, namely, trunk, branch, twig, ,petiole, flower
leaf and fruit are attacked by fungi, bacteria and algae. They cause several kinds of rot, die back, anthracnose, scab,
necrosis, blotch, spots, mildew, etc. Some of these diseases like powdery mildew,midge , are of great economic importance
as they cause heavy losses in mango production. Major diseases of mango and their control measures are discussed below
It is important to make careful examination of trees for pest because the conditions change each year and necessary change
in spray program is required. Pakistani type typically have monoembryonic (single embryo) seeds, highly colored fruit and are
subject to anthracnose disease.1.The largest problem of mango is anthracnose because it attacks all parts of the tree and
is probably most damaging to the flower panicles.2.Powdery mildew can be a serious problem under conditions of high
humidity and rainfall during bloom because the disease would limit fruit set. 3.Mites and scale insects can attack mango
trees, but they rarely limit growth or production unless populations build to high levels. Populations of Pink mealybug is
building up in cotton and kinnow and is threat to mango trees .
A.Powdery mildew (Oidium mangiferae Berthet) is one of the most serious diseases of mango affecting almost all the
varieties.symptom of the disease is the white superficial powdery fungal growth on leaves, stalks of panicles, flowers and
young fruits. The affected flowers and fruits drop prematurely reducing the crop load considerably or might even prevent the
fruit set. Rains or mists accompanied by cooler nights during flowering are congenial for the disease spread. The fungus
acts as a parasite on young tissues of all parts of the inflorescence, leaves and fruits.The disease is reported to as high as 70-
80 per cent crop loss has been recorded on individual plant basis.
Control : Following three sprays of fungicides at 15 days interval recommended for effective control of the disease :
Check for some new affected fungicide available in local market.
Wettable sulphur 0.2 per cent (2 g Sulfex / lit. water).
2.Tridemorph 0.1 per cent ( 1 ml Calixin / lit.water).
3.Dinocap 0.1 per cent (1 ml / g Karathane / lit. water).
B. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum state of Glomerella cingulata Ston, Spaull and Schrenk) is of widespread occurrence. The
disease causes serious losses to young shoots, flowers and fruits under favourable climatic conditions of high humidity,
frequent rains and at temperature of 24 to 32°C. It is also affects fruits during storage. In humid, high-rainfall areas,
anthracnose disease often damages or destroys both flowers and developing fruits.Repeated applications of systemic
fungicides are the only effective treatment for anthracnose in the field. Depending on the prevailing weather conditions
blossom blight may vary in severity from slight to a heavy infection of the panicles. Black spots develop on panicles as well as
on fruits. Severe infection destroys the entire inflorescence resulting in no setting of fruits. Young infected fruits develop
black spots, shrivel and drop off. Fruits infected at mature stage carry the fungus into storage and cause considerable loss
during storage, transit and marketing. The fungus perpetuates on twigs and leaves of mango or other hosts. Varietal
differences in susceptibility have been noted at my farm at Multan, maximum damage was observed on Chausa Since the
fungus has a long saprophytic survival ability on dead twigs, the diseased twigs should be pruned and burnt along with fallen
leaves for reducing the inoculum potential.
Control:
Check for some new affected fungicide available in local market.
Trees may be sprayed twice with Bavistin (0.1%) at 15
days interval during flowering to control blossom infection. Spraying of copper fungicides (0.3%) is
recommended for the control of foliar infection.
C. Disorders Mango malformation is widely prevalent in Asian cultivars, where more than 50 per cent of the trees suffer
from this malady. The malformed panicles remain unproductive and are characterized by a compact mass of male flowers,
greenish in colour and stunted in growth. The main and secondary rachis are thick and short and bear flowers with relatively
larger bracts, sepals and petals as compared to normal flowers. The malformed panicles remain intact on the trees for a
considerable period. Though research efforts hither to have not been able to ascertain its etiology, the complexity of the
disorder is attributed to cultural practices, nutritional, and to many other factors like mites, fungal and viral infestations and
hormonal imbalance. The exact cause and control of the malady is yet to be established. However, some remedial measures
are recommended as follows:
Check for some new affected control available in local market. if any.....
Pruning of shoots bearing malformed panicles and deblossoming of early emerged/infested panicles.
INSECTICIDES Paclobutrazol 23 SC Dose/ha. (a.i.) 3.75 g – 10 g, For better fruit set to avoid mango malformation .
D. Die back (Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.) is one of the serious diseases of mango. The disease on the tree may
be noticed at any time of the year but it is most conspicuous during Oct.-Nov. The disease is characterized by drying of twigs
and branches followed by complete defoliation, which gives the tree an appearance of scorching by fire. The onset of die
back becomes evident by discolouration and darkening of the bark. The dark area advances and young green twigs start
withering first at the base and then extending outwards along the veins of leaf edges. The affected leaf turns brown and its
margins roll upwards. At this stage, the twig or branch dies, shrivels and falls. This may be accompanied by exudation of
gum. In old branches, brown streaking of vascular tissue is seen on splitting it longitudinally. The areas of cambium and
phloem show brown discolouration and yellow gum like substance is found in some of the cells.
Control :Check for some new affected control available in local market. if any.....
(i) Prune the diseased twigs and spray with copper oxychloride (0.3%) on infected trees.
Pruning should be done in such a way that the twigs are removed 2-3 inches below the affected portion.
(ii) In small plants, pruning of twigs is followed by pasting of copper oxychloride.
E.DIE BACK of tree may be due to fungus verticillum albo-atrum. it block the water uptake,leaves wilt and die.
Infected branches if cut shows brown vascular discoloration.
.Dieback of mango may be trees may be due to prerce's disease (PD). No treatment exist for this bacteria. This
Disease TYPICALLY kills are unproductive 2 to 3 years after infection. PD is caused by XYLALLA
FASBIDIOSA Bacterium that clogs a plant XYLEM are water connecting tissues and efficiently shut
down its ability to take in water and nutrition .
F.Sooty mould (Meliola mangiferae) is common in the orchards where mealy bug, scale insect and hopper are not
controlled efficiently. The disease in the field is recognized by the presence of a black velvety coating, i.e., sooty mould on
the leaf surface. In severe cases the trees turn completely black due to the presence of mould over the entire surface of twigs
and leaves. The severity of infection depends on the honeydew secretion by the above said insects. Honey dew secretions
from insects stick to the leaf surface and provide necessary medium for fungal growth. The fungus is essentially
saprophytic and is non-pathogenic because it does not derive nutrients from the host tissues. Although the fungus causes no
direct damage, the photosynthetic activity of the leaf is adversely affected due to blockage of stomata.
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PEST OF MANGO BLSSOMS
Midges, caterpillars, leafhoppers, thrips ,Pink Mealybug and mites are the most important pests attacking mango
G.Mango inflorescences.Blossom midge : ( The mango inflorescence midge)(Ceccibomyiibae) Erosomyia indica Grover Diptera : cecidomyiidae)
Dasineure mangiferae. The mango gall midge or mango blister midge Erosomya mangiferae Felt, is a major pest, destroying
flowers and up to 70% of set fruit . mangiferae A midge is a tiny dipteran (two-winged) fly, a relative of the mosquito.Madge
infestation followed a negative binomial. oviposition. The flies lay eggs singly on floral parts like tender inflorescence axis,
newly set fruit or tender leaves encircling the inflorescence. The eggs hatch within 2-3 days. Upon hatching, the minute
maggots penetrate the tender parts on which the eggs have been laid and feed on them. The floral parts finally dry up and are
shed. The larval period varies from 7-10 days. The mature larvae drop down into the soil for pupation. The pupal period
varies from 5-7 days. There are 3-4 overlapping generations of the pest spread over the period from January-March.
Thereafter, as the weather conditions turn unfavourable, the mature larvae undergo diapause in the soil instead of
pupating. They break diapause on the arrival of favourable conditions in following January. The midge infests and damages
the crop in three different stages. The first attack is at the floral bud burst stage. The eggs are laid on newly emerging
inflorescence, Cecidomyiid eggs are normally laid in folds between sepals and petals of the flower buds. Larval feeding
prevents flower opening and consequently also development of the fruit. That emergence of adults was higher at 24C and
60–82% r.h. than at lower temperatures and relative humilities. the larvae tunnel the axis and thus destroy the inflorescence
completely. The mature larvae make small exit holes in the axis of the inflorescence and slip down into the soil for pupation.
The second attack of the midge takes place at fruit set. The eggs are laid on the newly set fruits and the young maggots bore
into these tender fruits, which slowly turn yellow and finally drop. The third attack is on tender new leaves encircling the
inflorescence. The most damaging one is the first attack in which the entire inflorescence is destroyed even before flowering
and fruiting. The inflorescence shows stunted growth and its axis bends at the entrance point of the larvae. It finally dries up
before flowering and fruit setting.The midge infests the newly emerged panicles by ovipositing at bud burst stage, and the
first instar maggots bore into the growing panicle. Infested panicles have a characteristic right-angled bend, with a soiled
exit hole, from which last instar maggots emerge to pupate in soil. The second generation then infests very young fruits,
which eventually drop before the marble stage The biology and nature of damage of the pest was also observed. The midge
had four larval instars, and field cage traps showed emergence of adults to be in the afternoon. Infestation was noticed at
bud-burst stage, at fruit set and on tender leaves of new flushes. There are thousands of midge species, however those of
most interest to us are members of the Ceratopogonidae family - the "Biting Midges". This family belongs to the genus
Culicoides, which consists of over 800 species in total. These biting midges are equipped with very specialised mouths that
enable them to pierce skin.
Control
As the larvae pupate in the soil, ploughing of the orchards expose pupating as well as diapausing larvae to sun’s heat
which kills them. Soil application of Methyl Parathion also kills pupating as well as diapausing larvae in the soil. The
insecticide in the soil should be applied after monitoring larval population on white sheet below the tree. Spraying of 0.05 per
cent Fenetrothion or 0.045 per cent Dimethoate or 0.04 per cent Diazinon at the bud burst stage of the inflorescence
has been found effective in controlling the pest population. attempts at biological control of the midge in Oman are under
way by introducing promising parasites from India. Species so far released in Oman are Chrysonotomyia pulcherrima, C. sp.
near pulcherrima, E. sp. near testaceiventris, I. ocularc and Ormyrus sp. Look for:
1. Mites: Look for mites on upper leaf surface, along-side of midrib near terminus of leaf
2. Scales:
Leaf surfaces( upper and lower)
4. The mealy bug: may infest fruit and cause irregular spotting.
The Hibiscus or Pink Mealybug Old pest of our area is building up from last few years. The worst effect I noted was in
year 2003 on kinnows trees where lot of trees have been killed and whole kinnow area was under threat of extinction.
Hope it will not immerge again to damage my Kinnow and Mango trees. We were not able to control it by using all
available pesticides.
Pest Control
Pesticides. Including insecticides, fungicides, and nematicides, are applied primarily to protect the crop and should therefore
improve its quality potential. Their effect is also to reduce insect and fungal damage, which detracts from the appearance of
the crop and increases storage losses. In some cases, for example the development of 'Anthracnose' spotting in mango, it is
necessary to spray with fungicide during growth even though the disease itself may not be seen until after harvest. By
removing weed competition, which may impose water stress and mineral stress, herbicides can also have beneficial effects
on post harvest behaviour. Since all crop protection chemicals are toxic to animals and humans, they must be applied in
concentrations, which will not allow toxic residues to build-up. A safe period specified by the manufacturers must be left
between final application and harvest. Produce exported to developed countries is rejected if tests reveal pesticide residues
above the permitted level. Pruning of old trees may be done to open the canopyInsecticides should not be sprayed at full
bloom to avoid killing of pollinators.Introduction of beehives in the orchards during flowering season for increasing the
number of pollinators. The practice of monoculture of a particular variety may be avoided. Hot water treatment for
controlling stone weevil and fruit fly problems in mango Paclobutrazol 23 SC For better fruit set to avoid mango
malformation Dose/ha. 3.75 g – 10 g is used.
FRUIT FLY: The pest affect the fruit at ripening stage .More loss is done on late vareties.Early rain increase fly growth.
Fruit fly is best control by keeping mango area clean and removing damage mango from field. Fruit fly can be
controlled effectively by using Methanol/ Ugenol in traps .Or boprofazine for white fly spray. Best way to manage pest I found
is to Use of fruit fly traps consisting of methyl eugenol plus ethyl elcohal 2:3 ratio. soaked cotton. Add pesticide to kill fly.
Harvest
The harvest season is usually between June and September in Multan Pakistan depending on variety. Chonsa Mango is available
after 15th June to end of August. Sindhri Mango is available from the month of 20th May to 20th July. Trees must be in a
position to produce sufficient quantity of fruits every year.Fruit matures three to five months after flowering. The best fruit
production occurs when the weather is dry during the flowering period. Yields are reduced if wind damages the flowers
during winter storms or if wet weather occurs throughout the flowering season. Mango trees should be protected from
strong winds, but windbreaks that shade or compete with them should be avoided. Mangos should be picked before they are
fully ripe, at which time they soften and fall. Fruits are usually picked after they develop some red, orange, or yellow color.
Mangos will ripen and may be picked when the flesh inside has turned yellow, regardless of exterior color. harvest mango
when sugar level is 12%.Mango should be washed in very very cold water with 100 ppmsodium hyperchlorite Before keeping
in cold store. Do not store below 10° C 17c and 98% Moisture is the best .Post harvest control of anthracnose is
accomplished by treatments employed to the fungal infection with hot water alone or with the inclusion of various
fungicides.To tackle stone weevil and fruit fly which are impediments in export of mangoes.A post harvest hot water
treatment has given 100% infestation free fruits.To reduce pre harvest losses in mango caused by hoppers, mealybug and
green scale.Azadirachtin and release of predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri.Shoot gall psylla, a serious pest of mango
could be effectively managed with three sprays of quinalphos (0.05%) starting from 1st week of August followed by 3
application of 2,4-D (80 ppm) starting from gall appearance stage at 10 days interval.Hot water treatment along with 1%
sodium chloride effectively controlled post-harvest diseases in mango. The fruit bruises easily and must be handled carefully
to avoid damage. They are ripened at room temperature and then refrigerated. Mature mangos keep fairly well under
refrigeration for two to three weeks at 50 to 55F.Storage conditions for Mngo: Temperature range (oC)1 - 10 Relative
humidity range (%)85 - 90 Storage time2 - 3 wk Short term temperature (oC)13. Mango 15o C is the best temp. to store.Raw
mango consists of about 81.7% water, 17% carbohydrate,0.5% protein, 0.3% fat, and 0.5% ash. A 100 g (3.5 oz) serving of
raw mango has 65 calories and about half the vitamin C found in oranges. Mango contains more vitamin A than most fruits.
Nutrition Chart Mango/1 cup slices
1. Calories..107 .Total fat (g) ..0.5- 2.Saturated fat (g)..0.1.- 3.Vitamin B6 (mg)..0.2 -4.Carbohydrate (g)..o .
5.Monounsaturated fat (g)..0.1-6.Polyunsaturated fat (g)..0.1.-7.Dietary fiber (g..3-.8. Protein (g)..1-.
. -10. Beta-carotene (mg)..3.-10 Vitamin C (mg)..1.9.-11.Vitamin E (mg)..1.9.-12. Cholesterol
(mg)..0
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Mango Links to Related Sites
http://www.nationalpak.com/ Pakistan web site
All About Mangoes : http://freshmangoes.com/mangos.html
Mango Information:
Linked from NewCrops, Purdue
University.
Insects of Hawaii- GOOGLE IMAGE INDEX
Featured Creatures - Search by Common Name
http://freshmangoes.com/
Largest
mango recipe guide.
http://agmarknet.nic.in/cmm1.asp mango price in India
AgricultureLinks
NewWindow
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