Master List of All the Films I've Seen
Of course I have missed a few movies. I haven't
been recording all the films since I was a baby. I simply
went through the IMDb's Leonard Maltin Capsule Review list,
figuring that whatever I've seen, it is guarenteed Maltin would have
seen too. The number of films listed are in the viccinity of the
number I've seen in my lifetime. All films are rated. I
have kept films I do not remember out of the list.
If I should realize I have forgotten a film on the list,
I will add it without naming it a 'Latest addition'.
None of these ratings are etched in stone, because opinion
is a fickle thing. I will change them if reevaluation
gives me a different perspective.
Latest additions: Gregory's Girl, Lone Star, All About My Mother,
Senso, The Big Sleep, Trouble in Paradise, Road to Perdition,
Late Marriage, Changing Lanes, Lovely & Amazing, Signs
Absolute Power (1997) - C
Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1995) - D+
Addams Family Values (1993) - B+
The Addams Family (1991) - D-
The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (1994) - C+
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1955) - B-
An Affair to Remember (1957) - C
Affliction (1998) - C
The African Queen (1951) - B+
The Age of Innocence (1993) - A
A.I. Artifical Intelligence (2001) - B
Air Force One (1997) - C+
Aladdin (1992) - B+
Ali (2001) - C+
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974) - C+
Alice in Wonderland (1951) - B+
All About Eve (1950) - A
All About My Mother (1999) - B+
All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989) - C+
Almost Famous (2000) - B-
Amadeus (1984) - A
Amarcord (1974) - A-
Amelie (2001) - B
American Beauty (1999) - A-
American Graffiti (1973) - B-
An American in Paris (1951) - B
The American President (1995) - B-
America's Sweethearts (2001) - D+
Amistad (1997) - C-
Anaconda (1997) - D+
Anastasia (1997) - C
Andrei Rublev (1954) - A
Anna and the King (1999) - B-
Anne Frank Remembered (1995) - B
Annie (1982) - B
Annie Hall (1977) - A+
The Apartment (1960) - A+
Apocalypse Now (1979) - B+
Apollo 13 (1995) - B
As Good As It Gets (1997) - B
The Asphalt Jungle (1950) - B+
Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999) - B-
Autumn Sonata (1978) - B-
L'Avventura (1960) - A+
Awakenings (1990) - B
The Awful Truth (1937) - B
Babe (1995) - B-
Babes in Arms (1939) - C
Baby Boy (2001) - C
Back to the Future (1985) - A-
The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) - B
Bambi (1942) - A-
Bananas (1971) - C
The Band Wagon (1953) - B-
The Bank Dick (1940) - A-
Barefoot in the Park (1967) - B+
Barry Lyndon (1975) - A
Batman and Robin (1997) - D-
Batman (1989) - B+
Batman Returns (1992) - C
The Battleship Potemkin (1925) - B
Beaches (1988) - C+
Beau Travail (1999) - B+
The Beautician and the Beast (1997) - F
A Beautiful Mind (2001) - B
Beauty and the Beast (1992) - A-
Bed of Roses (1996) - D-
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971) - A+
Beethoven (1992) - B
Beethoven's 2nd (1993) - C-
Beetlejuice (1988) - B
Being John Malkovich (1999) - A
Beloved (1998) - A-
Ben-Hur (1959) - A
The Bicycle Thief (1948) - A+
The Big Lebowski (1998) - D
Big Night (1996) - B-
The Birds (1963) - A-
Black Hawk Down (2001) - C-
Black Orpheus (1959) - B+
Blade Runner (The Director's Cut) (1982/1991) - C
The Blair Witch Project (1999) - B-
The Blue Angel (1930) - A-
The Bodyguard (1992) - C
Bogus (1996) - B
Bonnie and Clyde (1967) - A+
Boys Don't Cry (1999) - B+
Boyz N the Hood (1991) - B
Braveheart (1995) - B-
Breakdown (1997) - A-
Breakfast at Tiffany's - B+
The Bride of Frankenstein (1935) - A
Brigadoon (1954) - D+
Bring It On (2000) - B-
Bringing Up Baby (1938) - A
Brink of Life (1958) - C
Broken Blossoms (1916) - B
Buena Vista Social Club (1999) - C+
A Bug's Life (1998) - B+
Cabaret (1972) - C+
Casablanca (1942) - A-
Cast Away (2000) - B+
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) - C
Cat People (1942) - A-
Changing Lanes (2002) - B-
Charade (1963) - A-
Chicken Run (2000) - B-
A Child is Waiting (1963) - C+
Children of Paradise (1945) - A+
Chinatown (1974) - A+
Cinderella (1950) - A-
Citizen Kane (1941) - A+
City Lights (1931) - A+
City of Angels (1998) - C-
Clara's Heart (1988) - C
Cleo From 5 to 7 (1962) - B
The Clock (1945) - A-
A Clockwork Orange (1971) - C+
Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) - A-
Clueless (1995) - A-
Coal Miner's Daughter (1980) - B-
The Color of Money (1986) - D
The Color Purple (1985) - B-
Contact (1997) - B+
Cookie's Fortune (1999) - C+
Cradle Will Rock (1999) - B
Crazy/Beautiful (2001) - C+
Cries and Whispers (1972) - B
Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989) - B-
Critic's Choice (1963) - C
Crooklyn (1994) - B
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) - A-
The Crowd (1928) - A+
Dancer in the Dark (2000) - A-
Dark City (1998) - C+
Dave (1993) - B
A Day at the Races - B-
Days of Wine and Roses (1962) - B
Dead Man Walking (1995) - A-
Dead Poets Society (1989) - D+
Deconstructing Harry (1997) - C+
The Deep End (2001) - B
Detour (1945) - A
The Diary of Anne Frank (1959) - B-
Die Hard (1988) - B+
The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (1972) - B+
Divine Madness! (1980) - C+
Do The Right Thing (1989) - A
Doctor Zhivago (1965) - B+
Dog Day Afternoon (1975) - A
Don't Look Back (1967) - C+
Double Indemnity (1944) - A+
Down Periscope (1996) - F
Down to You (2000) - C
Dr. Strangelove (1964) - A
Dr. T and the Women (2000) - A-
Dreams (1955) - C
Duck Soup (1933) - A-
Dumbo (1941) - A-
E.T. The Extra Terrestrial (1982) - A+
Easter Parade - B+
Edward Scissorhands (1990) - B-
8 1/2 (1963) - A+
Election (1999) - B-
The Electric Horseman (1979) - C-
The Elephant Man (1980) - B+
Elizabeth (1998) - B
Emma (1996) - B+
The Emperor's New Groove (2001) - A-
Empire of the Sun (1987) - B-
The Empire Strikes Back (1980) - A-
The English Patient (1996) - A-
Entrapment (1999) - C
Erin Brockovich (2000) - B
Ever After (A Cinderella Story) (1998) - B+
Evita (1996) - C+
Everyone Says I Love You (1996) - C
Eyes Wide Shut (1999) - B
The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989) - B-
Face/Off (1997) - B+
Fahrenheit 451 (1966) - B-
FairyTale: A True Story (1997) - C-
Faithless (2000) - C-
Fallen Angels (1995) - B+
Falling Down (1993) - B
Fantasia (1940) - B+
Fargo (1996) - C
Fat Girl (2001) - B+
A Few Good Men (1992) - B
Fiddler on the Roof (1971) - B-
The Fifth Element (1997) - C
Fight Club - B+
The First Wives Club (1996) - B
A Fish Called Wanda (1988) - A-
A Fistful of Dollars (1964) - A-
Flowers of Shanghai (1999) - B-
Follow the Fleet (1936) - B
Foolish Wives (1922) - B+
Fools Rush In (1997) - C
For a Few Dollars More (1965) - B
For Me and My Gal (1942) - C+
Foreign Correspondent (1940) - C+
Forrest Gump (1994) - B+
The Fortune Cookie (1966) - A-
The 400 Blows (1959) - B+
Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) - B+
The Fox and the Hound - B
Frankenstein (1931) - B+
Freaks (1932) - A-
Free Willy (1993) - D
From Here to Eternity - C+
Full Metal Jacket (1987) - C-
Funny Face (1957) - B+
The Game (1997) - B
Gandhi (1982) - C
The Garden of the Finzi-Continis (1970) - B-
The Gay Divorcee (1944) - A-
The General (1927) - A-
Gentleman's Agreement (1947) - C+
George Washington (2000) - B+
Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai (2000) - B+
Ghost World (2001) - A
Giant (1956) - B-
Gigi - C
Gilda (1946) - B-
Girl Happy (1965) - D+
Gladiator (2000) - C+
Glengarry Glen Ross (1992) - B
The Godfather (1972) - A+
The Godfather Part II (1974) - A+
The Gold Rush (1925) - A
Gone With the Wind (1939) - A-
Good Burger (1997) - F
Good Will Hunting (1997) - C+
The Goodbye Girl (1977) - B-
Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939) - C
GoodFellas (1990) - B+
Gosford Park (2001) - A-
Grand Hotel (1932) - B-
Grand Illusion (1938) - B
Grease (1978) - B
Greed (1925) - A+
The Green Mile (1999) - C
Gregory's Girl (1981) - B-
Grumpier Old Men (1995) - C-
Grumpy Old Men (1993) - B-
Hail the Conquering Hero (1944) - B+
Hamlet (1948) - B-
Hamlet (2000) - B+
Hands on a Hard Body (1999) - A-
Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) - B
A Hard Day's Night (1964) - A-
Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001) - C-
The Harvey Girls (1945) - C+
Hercules (1997) - C+
High Fidelity (2000) - B+
High Hopes (1988) - A
Higher Learning (1994) - C+
His Girl Friday (1940) - A+
Hocus Pocus (1993) - C
Home Alone (1990) - B-
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992) - B-
Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco (1996) - C-
Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey (1993) - C+
Hook (1991) - C+
Hoop Dreams (1994) - B
The Horse Whisperer (1998) - C
House of Games (1987) - B-
The House of Mirth (2000) - B+
The Hudsucker Proxy (1994) - C
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) - A-
The Ice Storm (1997) - B
If I Had a Million (1932) - C+
Ikiru (1952) - A-
I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997) - D+
I'm No Angel (1933) - A-
In a Lonely Place (1950) - B
In & Out (1997) - C+
In the Bedroom (2001) - C
In the Company of Men (1997) - B+
In the Mood for Love (2000) - B
Independence Day (1996) - D+
The Indian in the Cupboard (1995) - D+
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) - A
Inherit the Wind (1960) - B+
Innocence (2000) - C+
The Insider (1999) - B+
Interiors (1978) - C-
International House (1933) - B
Intolerance (1916) - A
Irma La Douce (1963) - C+
It Happened One Night (1934) - B+
It's a Gift (1934) - A
It's a Mad Mad Mad Mad World (1963) - C+
It's a Wonderful Life (1946) - A+
It's Always Fair Weather (1955) - A
Jack - D-
Jack and the Beanstalk (1952) - B
James and the Giant Peach (1995) - B
Jaws (1975) - C
Jerry Maguire (1996) - B+
Joan the Maid: The Battles (1994) - C-
Joe Gould's Secret (2000) - C
Josie and the Pussycats (2001) - C-
The Joy Luck Club (1993) - B
Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) - B+
Jules and Jim (1962) - A
Julia (1977) - C+
Jumanji (1995) - C+
The Jungle Book (1967) - A-
Jungle Fever (1991) - A
The Killing (1968) - A-
The Killing of a Chinese Bookie (1976) - A-
The King and I (1956) - A
King Kong (1933) - C+
Knife in the Water (1962) - B-
Koyaanisqatsi (1983) - B-
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) - C+
L.A. Confidential (1997) - B+
Lady and the Tramp (1955) - B
The Lady Eve (1941) - A
The Last Days of Disco (1998) - C+
The Last Emperor (1987) - C
The Last Laugh (1924) - B+
The Last Picture Show (1971) - A
The Last Temptation of Christ (1988) - A-
The Last Wave (1977) - C
Late Marriage (2001) - B
Laura (1944) - B-
Legally Blonde (2001) - B-
A Lesson in Love (1954) - C-
Letter From an Unknown Woman (1948) - B
Liar Liar (1997) - C
Life is Beautiful (1997) - A-
The Lion King (1995) - B
The Little Foxes (1941) - B-
Little Fugitive (1953) - A-
The Little Mermaid (1989) - A
A Little Princess (1995) - A-
The Little Princess (1939) - C+
The Little Rascals (1994) - C+
Little Women (1994) - B
Lolita (1997) - B
Lone Star (1996) - B+
The Long, Long Trailer (1954) - B
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) - A
Lost Horizon - C
Love and Death (1975) - A
Lovely & Amazing (2001) - B+
Mad City (1997) - D
The Magnificent Ambersons (1942) - B
Magnolia (1999) - A-
A Man Escaped (1954) - B+
The Man on the Flying Trapeze (1935) - C
Man on the Moon (1999) - B
The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956) - A
Manhattan (1979) - B+
Marnie (1964) - B-
Marvin's Room (1996) - C-
Mary Poppins (1964) - A
Matilda (1996) - B-
The Matrix (1999) - C+
Meet Me in St. Louis (1944) - A+
Memento (2001) - A-
Memories of Underdevelopment (1968) - A-
Men With Guns (1997) - C+
Metropolis (1927) - A
Michael (1996) - C-
Le Million (1931) - B+
Million Dollar Legs (1932) - B+
The Miracle of Morgan's Creek (1943) - A-
The Miracle Worker (1962) - B
Miss Congeniality (2000) - B-
Mississippi Burning (1988) - C-
Modern Times (1936) - A-
Monika (1953) - C+
Monsters, Inc. (2001) - B-
Monster's Ball (2001) - B-
Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975) - B+
Moonstruck (1987) - A
Moulin Rouge (2001) - B+
Mr. Magoo (1997) - D-
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) - A+
Mrs. Brown (1997) - C
Mrs. Dalloway (1997) - C-
Mulholland Drive (2001) - A-
My Best Friend's Wedding (1997) - B
My Fair Lady (1964) - B+
My Girl (1991) - C+
My Girl 2 (1994) - D+
My Life in Pink (1998) - B
My Voyage to Italy (1999) - B+
Nashville (1975) - A+
Never Give a Sucker an Even Break (1941) - B
The Night of the Hunter (1955) - B+
Nights of Cabiria (1957) - A+
North by Northwest (1959) - ?
Not One Less (1999) - B-
Not Without My Duaghter (1991) - C
Notorious (1946) - A-
Notting Hill (1999) - B
Nurse Betty (2000) - B
O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000) - B
October Sky (1999) - C+
Of Human Bondage (1934) - C+
Oliver & Company (1988) - C+
On Golden Pond (1981) - C+
On the Town (1949) - B-
On the Waterfront (1954) - C+
One Fine Day (1996) - B-
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1974) - C
One, Two, Three (1961) - A-
101 Dalmatians (1961) - A-
101 Dalmatians (1996) - C
102 Dalmatians (2000) - D
One True Thing (1998) - B-
Operation Dumbo Drop (1995) - C+
Ordinary People (1980) - C+
Orpheus (1949) - B+
The Others (2001) - C
Our Hospitality (1923) - A+
Out of Africa (1985) - C
Out of the Past (1942) - C
Out of Sight (1998) - C+
Outrage (1950) - C
The Palm Beach Story (1942) - A
The Parent Trap (1961) - C+
The Parent Trap (1998) - C+
The Passion of Anna (1969) - A-
The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928) - A
The Patriot (2000) - C
The Pelican Brief - C+
Persona (1966) - A+
Peter Pan (1953) - B+
The Phantom of the Opera (1943) - D+
The Piano (1993) - A+
Pillow Talk (1959) - B+
Pinocchio (1940) - A
The Pirate - B-
A Place in the Sun (1951) - A-
Pleasantville (1998) - B
The Pledge (2001) - B-
Pocahontas (1995) - C+
Pollyanna (1960) - C
Poltergeist (1982) - A-
The Postman Always Rings Twice (1948) - B
The Preacher's Wife (1996) - C+
Pretty Woman (1990) - B+
Primal Fear (1996) - B
Primary Colors (1998) - B
The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970) - A-
The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939) - B-
Prizzi's Honor (1985) - B
Problem Child (1990) - C
Problem Child 2 (1991) - B-
The Producers (1968) - B+
Proof (1991) - B
Psycho (1960) - A
Queen Kelly (1929) - B+
Raging Bull (1980) - A
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) - B-
Rain Man (1988) - C
John Grisham's The Rainmaker (1997) - C
Raise the Red Lantern (1991) - A-
Ran (1985) - A
Rashomon (1950) - B
Rat Race (2001) - B-
Rear Window (1954) - A+
Rebel Without a Cause (1955) - B+
The Red Shoes (1948) - A+
Reds (1981) - C+
The Remains of the Day (1993) - A
Remember the Titans (2000) - D
Return of the Jedi (1983) - C
Revenge of the Nerds (1984) - B
Return to Me (2000) - B-
Richie Rich (1994) - C-
Rififi (1955) - B+
The Road to El Dorado (2000) - C-
Road to Perdition (2002) - C+
Roberta (1935) - B+
Robin Hood (1973) - B+
Romeo + Juliet (1996) - C
Romeo and Juliet (1968) - C+
Rope (1948) - A-
The Rose (1979) - B
The Royal Tenenbaums (2001) - C
The Rules of the Game (1939) - B+
Sabrina (1995) - B-
The Saint (1997) - C
St. Elmo's Fire (1985) - D
The Santa Clause (1994) - C-
Scenes from a Marriage (1973) - B+
Schindler's List (1993) - A+
The Searchers - C+
Seconds (1966) - B
The Secret Garden (1993) - C
Sense and Sensibility (1995) - A-
Serial Mom (1994) - A-
Sexy Beast (2000) - C-
Seven Chances (1925) - B
Seven Samurai (1954) - B
The Seven Year Itch (1955) - B+
The Seventh Seal (1957) - A+
Shadow of a Doubt (1942) - B+
Shadows (1960) - B-
Shadowlands (1993) - B
Shakespeare in Love (1998) - B
The Shawshank Redemption (1994) - B+
She Done Him Wrong - C+
She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949) - C
Sherlock, Jr. (1924) - A+
Shoot the Piano Player (1960) - A
Short Curcuit (1986) - C+
Shrek (2001) - B-
Signs (2002) - C+
The Silence of the Lambs (1991) - A-
A Simple Plan (1998) - B
A Simple Twist of Fate (1994) - C
Singin' in the Rain (1952) - A+
The Singing Nun (1966) - D+
Sister Act (1992) - B
Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993) - C
The Sixth Sense (1999) - C+
The Sky's the Limit (1943) - B-
Sleeping Beauty (1959) - B+
Sliding Doors (1998) - C+
Small Time Crooks (2000) - C+
Smiles of a Summer Night (1955) - A-
Smoke (1995) - C
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) - A+
Some Like It Hot (1959) - A-
The Son's Room (2001) - C
Sophie's Choice (1982) - C+
Soul Food (1997) - C+
The Sound of Music (1965) - B
The Spanish Prisoner (1997) - B-
Spieces (1995) - C+
Speed (1994) - B+
Spice World (1997) - F
Spider-Man (2002) - A-
Splash (1984) - C+
Splendor in the Grass (1961) - B
A Star is Born (1954) - B+
Star Wars (1977) - A-
Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace (1999) - B-
Startup.com (2001) - B-
The Stepfather (1987) - B-
Stepmom (1998) - C
Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot (1992) - D
La Strada (1954) - B-
The Straight Story (1999) - A-
Strangers on a Train (1951) - B+
Stranger than Paradise (1984) - A
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) - A+
Sudden Death (1995) - C
The Sugarland Express (1974) - B
Summer Interlude (Illict Interlude) (1951) - B-
Summer Stock (1950) - B
Sunset Boulevard (1950) - A+
Suspicion - B
Sweet Smell of Success (1957) - B+
Swing Time (1936) - A-
Swordsman II (1991) - A-
Sylvia and the Phantom (1945) - B
Take the Money and Run (1969) - B-
The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999) - B-
Tarzan (1999) - C
Taste of Cherry (1997) - C
Taxi Driver (1976) - B+
The Ten Commandments (1956) - A
Terms of Endearment (1983) - A
La Terra Trema: Episodio del Mare (1948) - A-
That Obscure Object of Desire (1977) - A-
Thelma & Louise (1991) - A-
There's Something About Mary (1998) - B
The Thin Red Line (1998) - C+
The Third Man (1950) - B+
The 39 Steps (1935) - A
The Thomas Crown Affair (1968) - C
Three Days of the Condor (1975) - C
Three Kings (1999) - B+
3 Ninjas Kick Back (1994) - D
Throne of Blood (1957) - A
Through a Glass Darkly (1961) - B-
'Til There Was You (1997) - D
Tin Cup (1996) - C
Titanic (1997) - A-
To Be or Not to Be (1942) - A-
To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) - B-
Tokyo Story (1953) - B+
Tootsie (1982) - A
Top Hat (1935) - B
Topsy-Turvy (1999) - A-
Toy Story (1995) - A
Toy Story 2 (1999) - A
Traffic (2000) - A-
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre - B-
The Trial (1962) - A-
True Grit (1969) - B-
True Lies (1994) - A
The Truman Show (1998) - B-
Trust (1990) - C
The Truth About Cats & Dogs (1996) - B
Truth or Dare (1991) - A-
12 Angry Men (1957) - B
12 Monkeys (1995) - B
Twister (1996) - C
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) - A+
Ugetsu monogatari (1953) - A-
Ulee's Gold (1997) - D+
The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1964) - A-
Unbreakable (2000) - A-
Under the Roofs of Paris (1930) - B+
Unfaithful (2002) - B
The Unknown (1927) - B-
Up Close & Personal (1996) - C
Va Savoir (2001) - B+
Vanilla Sky (2001) - C+
Vertigo (1958) - A+
The Virgin Spring (1960) - A-
The Virgin Suicides (1999) - B+
Viva Las Vegas (1964) - C
Volcano (1997) - C
Wag the Dog (1997) - A
Waiting to Exhale (1995) - C
Waking Life (2001) - B-
A Walk in the Clouds (1995) - B-
Walkabout (1971) - A
The War of the Roses (1989) - A
The Way We Were (1973) - C
Weekend (1967) - B
Welcome to the Dollhouse (1996) - B-
West Side Story - C
What Time Is It There? (2001) - A
What's Love Got to Do With It? (1993) - B
When Harry Met Sally... (1989) - A-
Where Is the Friend's Home? (1987) - B-
The White Balloon (1995) - B+
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) - B+
The Wild Bunch (1969) - C+
Wild Reeds (1994) - B+
Wild Strawberries (1957) - B+
The Wind Will Carry Us (1999) - A-
Wings of Desire (1988) - A-
The Witches of Eastwick (1987) - B
The Witches (1990) - B-
The Wizard of Oz (1939) - A+
The Women (1939) - B-
Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (1988) - B+
Wonder Boys (2000) - B-
Xiu Xiu: The Sent Down Girl (1999) - A-
Yi Yi (A One and a Two) (1999) - B+
You Can Count on Me (2000) - B-
Your Friends and Neighbors (1998) - B-
Ziegfeld Follies - B-