When a person is extracted from an abusive situation, their first reaction is often to try and discover the why.
     They look for someone to blame. At first glance this may not seem to be a very positive step, but for victims of
     abuse it is. The main goal of abuse is to crush the victim's spirit, to deflate their ego, so that the abuser may
     maintain control. This usually involves installing guilt. So looking outside of themselves, rather than continuing to
     carry this unwarranted and unreasonable guilt, is an acceptable first step towards recovery. Getting past this stage
     is a major leap towards health.

     The same is not true, however, for others concerned with the issue of abuse. By focusing on laying blame, family,
     friends and others who support abuse victims lose sight of the main objective of recovery, which is to heal. Since
     the effects of abuse ripple out into the community, and even into the culture in general, we all need to be part of
     the healing process. By ignoring these more widespread effects, violence and abuse are allowed to grow and
     spread, like a nest of ants under your house. You won't even know it's there, until some pressure forces it to the
     surface, and your kitchen is overrun.

     Healthy people do not abuse. They don't need to. Society provides many methods of fulfilling your needs which
     are not only easier for the healthy person, but more effective and rewarding as well. So, where does abuse come
     from? The tendency to use violence and abuse to control those around you is generational; it is passed from one
     person to another. It is learned.

     Do we have "abuse schools," then? In a way we do. Attitudes and coping skills are learned from those who are
     significant to us: parents, teachers, even television and motion picture personalities. They are learned by example,
     and this learning takes place on an unconscious level.

     Consider for a moment how we learn motor skills, such as riding a bicycle, playing a musical instrument or typing.
     We need to get the "feel" for it. Thinking about what your body is doing often only gets in the way! You just
     cannot type as fast or as accurately if you watch your fingers. 

     Here's an experiment you can try yourself. Take a coin in each hand and toss them so that they cross in the air, to
     be caught in opposite hands. You can learn this skill in a dozen or so attempts. Now think back. Were you aware
     of the movement of your hands, the placement of your feet or your tiny balancing shifts of weight? Most people
     are not. This skill is learned somewhere besides in what we call "consciousness."  Attitudes and behavior are
     learned in the same way.

     I read once of a college psychology class that was studying signal learning, also known as classical or Pavlovian
     conditioning. They all got together and tried an experiment on the same professor who had introduced them to the
     subject. Whenever the professor moved to the right side of the lecture hall, the class displayed signs of rapt
     attention, and laughed heartily at his slightest joke. If he moved to the left, they acted bored and inattentive. In this
     way they were able to almost "train him right out the door." Yet even though he was a "trained professional," and
     had himself recently discussed this effect, he was completely unaware that he was being influenced. He had
     learned, however, and had changed his behavior to get rewarded. 

     More formal studies have also been done. In one experiment researchers attached four electrodes to volunteers,
     who were given a false cover story. Three of the electrodes were dummies, the only live one monitoring the
     movements of a tiny muscle in the thumb, whose twitching was imperceptible to the subjects. They then
     intermittently sounded a very unpleasant noise. Whenever the electrode detected motion in the thumb, the noise
     was stopped for 15 seconds if sounding, or delayed for 15 seconds if silent. The rate of thumb twitching which
     turned off the annoying sound increased in every case. Yet the subjects were completely unaware that it was they
     who controlled the noise. Like the psychology professor, they had learned without knowing it. 

     Attitudes and behavior are learned in the same way, without our knowing it. Weíve all heard sayings like "He's a
     chip off the old block" or "The acorn never falls far from the tree." Unfortunately, this is as true of violent and
     abusive behavior as it is of more positive traits.

     Consider the results of a survey of State prisoners who victimized spouses or ex-spouses, conducted by the
     Federal Department of Justice. This survey found that 22% of these prisoners reported having suffered some
     form of physical or sexual abuse. This figure is surely low. Underreporting by this group would occur for two
     reasons:

        1.Prisoners develop the habit of hiding perceived weaknesses to avoid victimization by other inmates and
        2.There is a lack of awareness among this group, just as there is in the general population, of what constitutes
          abuse.

     Another indication of underreporting by this group is found in a special report concerning the ultimate form of
     abuse, murder of a family member. This report found that over half of those convicted of killing their spouses
     had been using alcohol at the time of the offense. At least the same rate of alcohol use would occur in cases of
     lesser abuse. In the report mentioned earlier, 31% of inmates surveyed reported having parents who had abused
     drugs or alcohol. The "Acorn Effect" is at work here, and shows also in the fact that 35% reported having a family
     member who had served time in prison or jail. 

     So this takes us back to the problem of finding exactly who's to "blame" for abuse. If I am abused by my spouse,
     who had been abused as a child, she is not instigating the abuse, she's just transmitting it. By the same token,
     whoever may have abused her was quite likely themselves abused, and so on back as far as you would care to
     go.

     So my suggestion is, blame Cain, the biblical originator of domestic violence. Let's hang him in effigy, let's curse
     his name, let's just get it out of our systems. But for everyone's sake, let's get past the blaming.

     Then let's get on with the business of healing the wounds. We're all victims of Domestic Violence; those we call
     the abusers, those they abuse and the community at large. That includes me, and it includes you. Let's all stop
     being victims, and become healers.
 
 

Bibliography

  W.F. Book The Psychology of Skill New York: Gregg, 1925
  J. Jaynes The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind Boston Houghton Mifflin 1976 p33
  W. Lambert Gardiner. Psychology: A Story of a Search Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1970-p76 as reported by Jaynes p35
note 14 (see footnote 2)
  R.F. Herrerline, B. Keenan, R.A. Harford, "Escape and avoidance conditioning in human subjects without their observation
of the response," Science, 1959, 130: 1338-9
  U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1991 Survey of Inmates in State
Correctional Facilities
  U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Special Report "Murder in Families",
NCJ-143498, July 1994
  U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1991 Survey of Inmates in State
Correctional Facilities

copyright 1997 OtherWorlds Productions

Last updated: Tuesday, November 18, 1997