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Nico's Introduction to the Art of Computer Programming

This is for VB Java and Delphi programmers

This is the property of  Nico Michael . This information is my original work and may not be reproduced  without my prior consent.


Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Writing User-Friendly Applications
  3. Writing Algorithms
  4. Drawing Flowcharts
  5. The need to Document your Design & Source Code (inline comments)
  6. Planning your Applications (Planning Code & GUI Screens , Writing Stubs & Drivers)
  7. Using Variables
  8. Getting data input from the User (InputBox)
  9. Displaying data to  the User (MessageBox)
  10. Program Flow Control  (Structured programming)
  11. Common Language Built-in Functions
  12. The Hungarian Naming Convention
  13. Writing Procedures (Functions & Subroutines)
  14. Global & Local Variables (The life and availability of a variable)
  15. Using Windows GUI Form Components to give your program the professional look
  16. Using External Code Files (Libraries ,Modules, Header files,Source Files,TPUs & TPLs)
  17. Programming Techniques (Loops, Binary Searches, Sorts, Simple Encryption) 
  18. Debugging Techniques   
  19. Testing Your Code (Using Stubs & Drivers)    
  20. Software Version Control  (Using a Program/ Module Version Documenting Template )
  21. Software Quality Control (ISO9001 Standard)

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1 Introduction

When I started compiling this information I wanted to address the issues that many Programmers neglect and the Pitfalls that the novice have to become aware of. I also wanted to show what Professional Programmers expect from the code of there peers. I was fortunate to have someone to tutor me early in my programming career and make me aware of the Need to Plan code carefully.

One of the problems today is that some VB Programmers are lazy and dive straight into the keyboard to start developing code that requires hours/days of debugging to get it work satisfactorily. And NO PROGRAMMERS COMMENTS making fault finding an extremely tedious operation
 
The Comments explain how the components fit together , the purpose of the Functions and Variables.
Choose your Variable  and Procedure names carefully use the Hungarian Naming convention it helps prevent type mismatches in your code and helps others to figure out what you are trying to do.

I also noticed that the VB training courses concentrate on the User Interface and neglect to teach the novice programmer the basics and even techniques which can be used   to develop more advanced and complex code.They assume that the Novice will acquire the knowledge of the Language and programming techniques later. But why  not teach the Novice the techniques

Developing software for large corporations  requires programming to meet high standards and to be able to work in teams to develop larger applications. Your code must me reliable.

Avoid writing excessively complex  procedures which will invariably have hidden bugs
A well written program is one that has been planned very carefully and has enough programmers comments to make it easy for maintenance.  If your procedures become complex its time to re-visit your   flowchart and  spend some time simplifying it.

Don't write Spaghetti code. I remember spending hours trying to figure out how a program worked because the programmer did not plan the code and used thousands of GOTO commands. I wish they would send the person who invented the GOTO Command to Firing Squad . I dedicated a section to Structured Programming to teach Novices not to use the GOTO
Careful use of the IF Else Endif structure achieves the same thing without the Spaghetti. The only goto you could use is the
ON ERROR GOTO error trap code.
 
 Every Hour spent optimizing your design on paper (flowchart) results in a day saved debugging your code.

What the heck is version control who the heck needs to keep track of changes I know what I am doing anyway. 
 

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2 Writing User Friendly Applications

 

wpe2.jpg (20730 bytes)

                                                This is an example of an untidy and complicated screen

 

wpe1.jpg (18320 bytes)

                                                This is an example of a Neat  and  logical screen

 

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3 Writing Algorithms

 You may ask what is an Algorithm and what is Pseudo Code.

An Algorithm is like a Recipe it gives the programmer instructions  how to write the program
Pseudo Code is an almost computer language with interactions for the programmer  write the program.
Well lets try to explain its like this :
You write a few English Commands / instructions on a piece of paper to describe what you want the program to do.
Pseudo code is also useful for describing to a non-programmer what you want to do in a way that will assist that person to understand what you want to do

Remember you are not writing a program but describing the tasks or process you need to make your program

Practical Example:
You need to write  a program to convert Lower Case letters to Upper Case 

1  DISPLAY MESSAGE TO PROMPT USER FOR INPUT
2  GET INPUT FROM USER
3  GET THE FIRST CHARACTER 

4  REPEAT THE FOLLOWING PROCESS UNTIL ALL LETTERS HAVE BEEN CONVERTED
5  CONVERT CHARACTER TO NUMBER (ASCII VALUE)
6  IS NUMBER GREATER THAN ASCII LOWER CASE c LESS ONE
7  IF TRUE DEDUCT DIFFERENCE THEN
8  DEDUCT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACSII LOWER CASE AND ASCII UPPERCASE  A FROM NUMBER
9  CONVERT NUMBER BACK TO A CHARACTER
 

Other Examples for you to try out

Write an Algorithm for a Video Recorder
Write an Algorithm for a Tea & Coffee Vending machine
Write an Algorithm for a Banking Auto Teller

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4 Drawing Flowcharts

    wpeD.jpg (14824 bytes) 
 
 

A flow chart is a simple diagram that is used to show the flow through a program.
It is the most valuable tool for designing and optimizing  programs.
A flow chart is the universally accepted representation for describing programs

The are many components however the following are the most commonly used :
1 The Begin and End terminals
2 Process boxes
3 The Decision 

 

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5 The need to Document your Design  and Source Code (inline comments)

 Why bother to document your code it waists time. Besides I know how the program works so I don't need to tell myself how to fix it. I am a brilliant programmer and never forget any line of code I have written. I don't like working in a team and I don't want to share my knowledge or skills. I write my code as complicated as I can so that my colleagues will admire my talent.

If this has not convinced you try this

I spend 5 to 10 minutes to figure out what I did a year ago and if I did not have my comments it would take me longer
In order for me to work on new and more interesting projects I need to hand over my code to someone else to maintain I don't want my colleague to battle nor do I want my colleagues to have a bad impression about my software projects so I put in the effort to document the code. 
 
Have you considered that one day you will develop code that your employer may want to sell to the customer. Your employer  will be criticized for your workmanship if it is defective
 
 To guarantee a high standard of quality the larger companies subscribe to Quality Control standards Internationally recognized such as ISO9001 which makes it mandatory to have document control and even version control

So start getting used to this idea now and it will become second nature to you

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6 Planning your Application (Code , GUI screens, writing Stubs & Drivers)

Every hour spent planning results in a day saved debugging.So put in the effort and you will be rewarded you way also gain a reputation of being the programmer who's code has the least problems

You must plan your application design the GUI interfaces on paper . Draw flowcharts for the more complex procedures

Plan the testing of your application. Decide what you want to test and how you want to test and save your test results it will be mandatory when your employer implies the ISO9001Quality Standard

Write drivers to call your procedures and stubs which terminate your procedures
The Driver is a procedure that will call you procedure passing it values 
The stub is a procedure your procedure will call and the values passed to your procedure and the variables returned
By monitoring the values passed to you procedure and values returned you test

Test your application with bad data not only good data after all you are trying to find bugs not to prove that it works with good data.

Plan Changes

Plan Changes that you have to introduce to keep the customer satisfied.
Never dive into a working application and make "Quick Changes" you will spend hours or days trying to fix them  
 
Professional Companies always have a backout plan to cater for failed changes.

Failed changes are more likely to occur  because of a lack of planning

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7 Using Variables


Variables are storage places in the computers memory.  Variables are given Names so that it is easier to use and to manage 
 There are a few basic types of variables : Numbers Text and Date/Time

Numbers are Integer (Numbers with no decimals) or Real (Floating point numbers numbers with decimals and even exponents)
Text is referred as String variables 
Date /Time variables store Date and time and are used for Date Arithmetic

Combination of the above known as Variant variables

You get Single Cell variables and Multi-Cell variables known as Multi- Dimensional Arrays

From the above all High Level Languages derive their  variable however the size of variable is also taken into account

Variable Type Description
Integer Stores numbers with no decimals
Long Stores Larger Integers
Single Stores (Floating point) Numbers with decimals (Scientific format)
Double Stores Larger Singles
Byte An 8 Bit number 0 to 255 or a character
Boolean A Yes /No type variable stores "True" or "False"
Currency Stores Numbers with Decimals
String Stores text
Date Stores date and time values
Variant This is a variable that can hold any of the above

However this take up a large amount of memory

Object This is used to make an instance of a class (OOP)

Naming Variables

When declaring variables observe the following rules

  1. You must Start with a letter
  2. You can mix letters and numbers
  3. Use variable names that are meaningful (Someone else will one day be debugging your code)

Different programmers have different styles in declaring Variable names

Array Variables

Arrays are variables that can simultaneously hold more that one value to text string.

Declaring Arrays

Although this is language specific they all have similarities

Dim MemberNames(24) as string ‘ This will alloy you to save 25 names or strings in this array

Dim Results(33) as integer ‘ This will alloy you to store 34 numbers in this array

Array Index’s

If you wish to store the 15th name in the above array you need to specify the specific array element to save the data this is how its done

MembersNames(14)="Nick Michael"

And if you wish to recall the 19th name this is how you access the specific array element

MsgBox MembersNames(18)

 

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8 Getting Data Input from the User (InputBox)

All High Level Languages have a command for fetching input from the user

When writing windows applications you can use the textbox and InputBox

InputBox  is used to Place a small Form on the screen Displaying a message (Prompt) and has a text field for the user to type some input . This will also be waiting for the user to press an OK or Cancel Button before the program continues

 

VB Code

Private Sub Form_Load()
        a = InputBox("What in your Name")
End Sub

wpe3.jpg (9506 bytes)

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9 Displaying Data to the User (MessageBox)

 
 

All High Level Languages have a command for writing on the display

When writing windows applications you can use the textbox   Listbox and MessageBox

MsgBox is used to Place a small Form on the screen Displaying a message and waiting for the user to press an OK Button before the program continues

VB Code

Private Sub Form_Load()
        MsgBox "Hello " & a
End Sub

wpe4.jpg (4349 bytes)

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10 Program Flow Control (Structured Programming)

 
 
Example of well structured program

if N=x then

        if V=t then

                        Sub1

        else

                        Sub2

        endif

else

        if j=k then

                        sub3

        else

                        sub4

        endif   

endif

Example of spaghetti 

75: goto 100

80: if k>4 goto 110

90: goto 75

100: goto 200

110: if x=3 goto75

200: goto300

220: if j=6 goto 90

300: goto 27     'This reminds me of the story of the Gordon Knot

Alexander the Great once said "What no man can loosen I cut"   there for you will never find the goto statement in my programming

If they could put the Man who invented the Goto statement infront of a firing squad I would volunteer to shoot him.
It is the only statement that can spoil a good program.

THE FLOW CONTROL STATEMENTS:

1  IF ELSE END IF

A simple English like statement to switch flow between one ore two statements

If     Name="John" then

        Statement1

Else

    Statement2

Endif

 

2  CASE STATEMENT

A simple English like statement to switch flow to one of many statements

Select Case MembersName

        Case "Fred"

                            Statement1

        Case "John"

                            Statement2

        Case Else

Statement 3

End Select 

 

3  FOR NEXT

A simple English like statement to force a block of code to be repeated a fixed number of times

For I= 1 to 10 Step 5

            Statement1

Next I

This is the most versatile loop technique as you can specify the lower the upper bound and the increment size (positive or negative)

 

4  DO WHILE

A simple English like statement to force a block of code to be repeated until a test condition is met

Do

        Statement1

While I<5

 

5  DO UNTIL LOOP

A simple English like statement to force a block of code to be repeated until a test condition is met

Do Until I=10

    Statement1

Loop

 

6 WHILE WEND

A simple English like statement to force a block of code to be repeated until a test condition is met

While I <5

    Statement1

Wend

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11 Common Language Built-in Functions 

 

Mathematical Functions

 

Sqr Square Root
Log(n) Natural Log ( log base e)
Log10(n) Log10(n) (log base 10) = Log(n) / Log(10)
   
   
Exp Returns exponent of e (e=2.718282.)

Const e = 2.718281828459

Abs Returns a Positive value for an expression or variable
Sgn Returns the sign

For Greater than zero returns 1

For Equal to zero returns 0

For Less than zero returns -1

Int Returns an integer (no decimals)

 

Trigonometric functions

Sin(x) Sine of x(radians)
Sin x in Degrees Sine of x(degrees)=Sin(x * Rad)
Cos Cosine of x(radians)
Tan Tanjent of x(radians)
Atn Inverse Tangent (arc tan)
ArcSin has to be calculated  
ArcCos has to be calculated  

 

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12 The Hungarian Naming Convention

 
A Hungarian Programmer came up with a brilliant idea , you place a letter or a few letters in front of the name of your variable to describe the variable . This is now also applied to functions and subroutines

I have used variable names like nMyInteger  nCounter nRecordNr to name Integers and

sMystring sName sSurname sAddress to name Strings

 

Prefix

Short Prefix

Variable Type/Object

bln

b

Boolean

byt

Byte

cbo

Combo Box

cdl

Common dialog

chk

Check Box

cmd

CommandButton

cur

c

Currency

dat

Data control

dbc

Data Bound ComboBox

dbg

Data Bound Grid

dbl

Data Bound ListBox

dbl

d

Double

dir

Directory list box

dlg

Common dialog

drv

Drive list box

fil

File list box

fra

Frame

frm

Form

grd

Grid

hsb

Horizontal scroll bar

img

Image

int

n

Integer

lbl

Label

lin

Line

lng

l

Long

lst

List box

mnu

Menu

ole

OLE Container

opt

Option button

pic

Picture

shp

Shape

sng

f

Single

sta

StatusBar

str

s

String

tlb

Toolbar

tmr

Timer

txt

TextBox

vnt

v

Variant

vsb

VerticaL Scroll bar


 

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13 Writing Procedures (Functions & Subroutines)

 There comes a time when you want to have additional functionality you may want to Calculate VAT or Control Motors
 Lets put it this way if we were not able to write subroutines and Functions we would be writing a very large programs

By using functions we can save time re-writing the same functionality many times in a program.

I like my main program to be short no more that 20 lines long and all the functionality located in a Module, Class or Header file
now I can break my program into many small logical units

Subroutines
 Subroutines may be called by your program and when they have completely run control is returned to the program that called them

Here are a few examples of subroutines

in Visual Basic

Sub Mysub( )
begin
 
        ............ my code goes here 
end

Sub Mysub2(PassValue as String )
begin
 
        ............ my code goes here 
end

to call this subroutine just place its name in you code

'..............myprogram starts here

Mysub

Mysub2 "Hello"

Call Mysub2("Hello there")

'.............my program ends here

 

C++ & Java don't have subroutines void functions are used to do this
 
 
 Functions 
 Functions are like subroutines however they return a value . This means you need to use the function in an expression where the function is assigned to a variable.This results in the calculation in the function is saved in this variable

in Visual Basic

Function MyFunction( ) As String
begin
 
        ............ my code goes here 
end

Function MyFunction2 ( PassValue as String ) As String
begin
 
        ............ my code goes here 
end

in C++ and Java

void  vMyfunction( void)              // this is equivalent to a VB Subroutine

{
        ............ my code goes here 

 }

integer  nMyfunction( void)

{
        ............ my code goes here 

 }

integer  nMyfunction( integer nPassvalue)

{
        ............ my code goes here 

 }

 

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14 Global and Local Variables(The life and Availability of a Variable)

Local Variables

Variables  declared in a function / Subroutine can only be accessed by the code within the function/Subroutine
VB uses the DIM statement when declaring local variables

Global Variables

Some  Variables can be declared  in a  Module  and can be  accessed throughout the program
VB uses the Public statement when declaring the global variable

Some programmers use global variables and get the subroutines to put values into them

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15 Using Windows GUI Form Components (to give your program the professional look)

 
 
wpe1.jpg (17558 bytes)

The above form illustrates the most common components used when developing Windows applications

Labels used to display Static messages on the form

TextBox is used to display and get text the White Area is user editable

The Option Button(Radio Button) is used for selecting one from many choices

The Check Box is used to allow the user to get   a   Yes/No  True/False  input from the User

Scroll Bars are used to allow the user to enter a slider varying value which the user can vary by sliding the slider bar 
 

All the above components are placed on the form and each has its

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16 Using External Code Files (Libraries ,Modules, Header files,Source Files,TPUs & TPLs) 

 Why re-invent the wheel every time you write a program. Would it be nice for you to create a Library of usefull routines that you can use every time you program.

Turbo Pascal & Delphi have a Unit called a TPU (TurboPascal Unit)

C++ has Source files and headers where you can define  your usefull routines and code them

VB has Modules and Classes  which you can use to put usefull functions / methods that you can use  when you write future programs
 
 This is very language specific however it is good to know that you can re-use code.

OOP (Object Orientated Programming)

One of the most popular mechanisma for code reuse in the OOP   Class.
The Class is coded  in one place in you program and you can then make many   Object Instances of this Class
Classes offer something unique and most desireable that has made OOP popular and that is High Security

A Class will have Variables known as Properties and
Functions known as Methods

The Classes have a builtin secutity mechanism.
You can determin which methods and properties  can be accessed by Object instances of your class this security is very tight and it makes your program very secure and very reliable

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17 Programming Techniques ( Binary Searches, Sorts, Simple Encryption)

 
The Binary Search
Imagine if I gave you a list of numbers  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I told you to select one and not tell me  lets say you selected 9

I have three questions to find it

1  Is it smaller than 6         No                    I eliminate the first half
2  Is it smaller than 9         No                    I eliminate the third quarter
3  Is it greater than 9          No                    The answer the number is 9
 

Method
You arbitrarily break your search in half and test for one half and eliminate one half
now we break the remaining half in half and repeat until you find the number

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Bubble Sort
If I want to sort an array with 10 numbers I create a second array and  do the following
I use a loop and a temporary variable going through all the numbers in the array you want to sort testing and replacing the value of the temporary variable with the number in the array if it is larger

This means you repeatedly remove the largest number and store in a second array one at a time till you reach the last number
at this time you will have sorted the original array of numbers in the second array

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Michael Double Bubble Sort
This is a variation of the Bubble Sort. However every iteration of the loop I find the largest and smallest number and save these at both extreems of the second array moving towards the center of the second array

_________________________________________________________________________________________________


Simple Encryption
Suppose you wanted to encrypt a string "Hello" if we converted this string into 8bit numbers for each letter using the ASC( )
Function you will get 4 numbers . Now if we inverted the bits  using XOR(number,255 ) function and convert the new numbers back to
characters using the CHR( ) function you will now have some funny characters which make no sense.

To decrypt the encrypted text you re-encrypt it using the same process and Walla you get "Hello"

Encrypting Documents
This is fine for encrypting strings however you may want to encrypt a document or a spread sheet to do that I use a different technique
I generate a file with 16000 or more random numbers . this becomes my encryption key. I prompt the user for a password and convert all the characters to numbers   and calculate an Offset from the first random number now I test each character in the document and if the are alphanumeric than I use the next random number and EXOR the random number with the ASCII value of the alphanumeric character

To Decrypt I repeat the above process

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18 Debugging Techniques

 The following techniques are used to find the bug in you program

  1. Inserting breakpoints in a program that crashes and let it run   and see which breakpoint you pass before it crashes
  2. Get your program to write to a log file and see what the last entry in the log is after it failed
  3. Single step the program and watch the variable values to   see where it goes wrong
  4. Write a program to call the Subroutine/Function  you want to test and displaying the global variables to  verify if the procedure is good
  5. The Y2K bug was created by sloppy date arithmetic and you need to test you program with various dates
     

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19 Testing Your Code (Using Stubs & Drivers)

 

To test your procedure MyProc( ) you write a stub and a driver

The Driver
The best way to test the MyProc function is to write another test procedure the Driver that calls it passing a prepared sequence of data to feed it.

The Stub
Having written a driver you now write another procedure   the Stub   and modify the MyProc  procedure to call   the stub . The Stub is made to monitor what data is received from the MyProc   procedure 

 
 
 

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20 Software Version Control

Imagine if after spending two months on a project and a day before you deliver the code to your customer you decided to make a few quick changes to make it work better and suddenly the program does not work anymore so you have to spent the next 24 hours behind you keyboard to just get the damn thing to work again. Your Boss is furious as he made commitments to the customer and a larger project is in jeopardy. This is the most painful experience we all go through as programmers till we learn the importance of Version Control and even Change Control.

So what now ?  I used a simple but reliable form of version control and that is to create subfolders in my project folder
 ProjectX001
 ProjectX002 ..........etc

each time I start working I copy my working project to the next version backup folder 
 

I find this useful to see why a change failed and it allows me to cut-back to the previous version quickly
I even backup all my previous version folders together with the current project folder to CD every .

At my work we have even got the customer to sign his specification and only deliver that in the current version
with the understanding that additional changes will be introduced in the next release

 

Using a Program/ Module Version Documenting Template

This is an example of a Program Documentation Template
 
'|==============================================================================|
'|                                                                                                                                                                            |
'| Programm Name:N_Michael_01 Module Name: INI FILE CLASS                                                                   |
'| Program Version:1.4 Module Version: 1.0.1                                                                                                     |
'| Version Date: 14/09/1999 Next Review date:14/09/2000                                                                                  |
'| Revision History:                                                                                                                                               |
'|                                                                                                                                                                            |
'|                                                                                                                                                                            |
'|                                                                                                                                                                            |
'|                                                                                                                                                                            |
'| Program Owner:N.Michael                                                                                                                                |
'| Program Reviewer:U Fool                                                                                                                                 |
'|                                                                                                                                                                            |
'|                                                                                                                                                                            |
'|                                                                                                                                                                            |
'|==============================================================================|

'############################### INI FILE CLASS ##############################
'# Description: This Class creates/reads and writes to an INI file                                                #
'# It simplifies the addition of INI files to your project                                                                 #
'#                                                                                                                                                   #
'# CLASS :IniFileClass.cls                                                                                                           #
'# Version: 1.0 Version Date 9/5/1999                                                                                          #
'# Author : N Michael                                                                                                                    #
'#                                                                                                                                                    #
'############################################################################

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21 Software Quality Control (ISO9001 Standard) 

Although this is a Quality Control Document requiring quality   procedures , conducting audits and the maintenance of records
It also calls for companies to get their developers and project managers to  Plan development and testing of the software as well as the verification of the  software meeting the customers specification.

It is not the scope of this document to cover the entite ISO9001 standard by to look at sections that are relevant to the other sections covered in this document or what may be valuble for the Developer of tomorrow.

A The development plan

  1. This should include a project definition stating the objectives with   reference to the purchasers requirements
  2. The organization of the project resources including team structure, responsibilities, sub contractors and material resources to be used
  3. The development phases
  4. The project schedule including identifying the tasks to be  performed , the resources and the time required for each and inter relationships between the tasks

Identification of related plans such as :

  1. quality plans
  2. configuration management plan
  3. integration plan
  4. test plan

B The Development Plan Phases

The development plan should define a process for transforming the customers specification

This involves dividing the work into phases

  1. development phases to be carried out
  2. required inputs for each phase
  3. required outputs from each phase
  4. verification procedures to be carried out

C Testing and validation

Testing is required at many levels from subroutine to module to program

1 Test Planning

  1. You need to plan testing for subroutine/module , integration , system test and the acceptance test
  2. Test cases , test data and expected results
  3. Types of tests to be performed
  4. Functional tests
  5. Boundary tests
  6. Test environment , tools and test software
  7. The criteria on which the completion of the test will be judged
  8. User documentation
  9. Personnel required and associated training requirements

2  Testing

  1.  The test results should be recorded
  2. Any problems discovered and their possible impacts should be noted. Those responsible should be contacted so that the problems can be tracked until they can be solved
  3. Areas impacted by any modifications should be identified and re-tested
  4. Test adequacy    and relevancy should be evaluated
  5. The hardware and software configuration should be considered and documented

3 Validation

  1. Before offering the product for delivery and the customer acceptance.
  2. The supplier should validate its operation as  a complete product.
  3. When possible under conditions similar  to the application environment as specified in the contract

D Configuration management

Configuration management provides a mechanism for identifying controlling and tracking versions of each software item
In many cases earlier versions still in use must also be maintained and controlled

E Change Control

Software houses  are required to establish and maintain procedures to identify , document ,   review  and authorize any changes to software components.
Before any changes are accepted its validity should be  confirmed and the affects on   other items should  be identified and examined
There should be tractability between the changes and modified parts of software items

F  Product measurement

There are no universally accepted measures of software quality
However at a minimum  measurement can be made of the number of field failures and or defects from the customers viewpoint

  1. Collect data and report measurements on a regular basis
  2. Identify the current level of performance on each measurement
  3. Take remedial actions if the measurements grow worse
  4. Establish specific improvement goals in terms of measurements

G  The Assessment of Sub Contractors

sub contractors should be assessed on   the basis of their ability to meet sub contract requirements, including quality requirements
the supplier shall establish and maintain records of acceptable sub contractors

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