Basic Basic - chapter IV by David Zohrob (mallard@gcomm.com) http://qbasic.com 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 author's note Okay, so here's the next chapter. Sorry it takes a while between chapters (like two months), but you've all probably heard my stories of the U of D musical, so.. just enjoy, learn a bit, and give me an e-mail with what you think about my next installment. -Dave Zohrob 5/8/1997 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Welcome! In this chapter, we will cover the following commands: � DO...LOOP � OPEN � INT � CLOSE � RANDOMIZE TIMER � RND � PRINT # � SELECT...END SELECT � INPUT # � INKEY$ So you haven't read a tutorial in two months or so.. and now, I'm going to satisfy your programming appetite with some juicy commands to spice up your programs. The first command we'll discuss here is the DO...LOOP type of loop. In the previous chapter, we talked about the FOR...NEXT loop, which let you do something a certain number of times. This is great if you know EXACTLY how many times you want something to be done. But what if you don't? What if you want something to be done until a condition is filled? This is exactly the void the DO...LOOP loop fills. All you have to do is say DO WHILE... or UNTIL.. a condition is met, such as "x = 10". Then put the commands you want to be in the loop, and have a LOOP command to close it all up. Here's a very simple example of how to use the DO loop. DO UNTIL a = 10 try = try + 1 PRINT "Try number"; try PRINT PRINT "Guess the super-secret number!" INPUT "Well"; a LOOP Of course, there's at least two ways to do everything in programming, so instead of DO UNTIL a = 10 as the first line, you could use the line DO WHILE a <> 10 and it would do the same thing. That's it! The loop is very simple, but infinitely useful. One such use of the DO loop is to have a "Press Any Key" prompt that new programmers are so eager to stick in their programs, but usually have to settle for "Please press enter... ". This is accomplished with the nifty function INKEY$, which is the IMMEDIATE, CURRENT key being pressed on the keyboard at any given moment. To make a "Press a key" prompt, you can cut and paste this next little bit into your program. DO WHILE INKEY$ = "" LOOP And that's it! Holy posable action figures, Batman!(tm) INKEY$ also has tons of uses in your program, and one of its main uses is to have a "hot-key" menu instead of an INPUT menu. However, this requires a more complex construction similar to an IF...THEN construction. This new set of commands is the SELECT CASE...END SELECT group, and lets you set a bunch of different IF...THEN like statements into one big grouping in your program instead of having hundreds of seperate statements. It also allows you to have multiple commands per CASE of a variable. The use is pretty simple, as shown in this example: PRINT "The Main Menu" PRINT "1) End the program" PRINT "2) Surprise" PRINT INPUT "Choice"; chc SELECT CASE chc CASE 1 PRINT "Fine, then!" END CASE 2 PRINT "Surprise! AAAH!!" PRINT "Are you surprised? No? Oh well..." END CASE ELSE 'note this little PRINT "Why didn't you pick 1 or 2?" 'command which lets you END 'trap invalid answers END SELECT All you need to do is have a SELECT CASE variable statement, then give all the seperate CASEs as you would an IF statement. When you're all done, be SURE to stick an END SELECT in there or else your program won't run. One other nifty programming trick I stuck in there was the CASE ELSE command. This checks to see that the variable does equal one of your CASEs, and if it doesn't, executes the commands under its CASE. And that's the basics of the SELECT CASE..END SELECT group of statements, which you will probably see a lot in programs written by myself just because they're very useful commands. Another very requested item is how to do random numbers in QBasic for dice rolls or whatever you might need it for. There's a very simple way to do this, involving the LET, INT, and RND commands. Here's the syn- tax of it: x = INT(RND * 10) + 1 This would give you a number between 1 and 10. To get a number between 0 and 10, jus get rid of the "+ 1" portion of the line. That's all you have to do for random numbers - just change the RND number to get your upper bound. Now, on to the file commands. This really should be covered in a different chapter, but due to the overwhelming demand for a files tutorial, here's the basics of how to use files in QBasic. The kind of files we'll be dealing with are called "sequential files." There's not much to that complex term (why use a big word when a dimunitive one will do?). All it really means is that we write to the file one line at a time, from top to bottom. You need to use the OPEN command to open a file and the CLOSE command to close it (wow! try and follow that logic!). Be sure to CLOSE every file that you open before your program terminates so that your data is saved. To open a file, you have to use the command in this way: OPEN "filename.ext" FOR [OUTPUT/INPUT/APPEND] AS #1 [or other number] The OPEN command is far more complex than this, but this is as far as I'll go for now. The [OUTPUT/INPUT/APPEND] portion changes, depending on what you want to do with the file you've opened. If you want to read from the file, line by line, you have to use the INPUT command. To write to the file, overwriting whatever is already there, you have to use the OUTPUT command. And to append to the file (add on to the end), you use the APPEND command. See how all that works out? So here we are. We've opened our file. Now what do we do? I know you still remember the PRINT and INPUT commands (how could you not?), so depending on whether you're INPUTting from or OUTPUTting to, there are two things to do. You still use the PRINT command to print and the INPUT command to read from the file, but now you stick a file number (like #1) in front of what you want to PRINT or INPUT. For example: OPEN "file.txt" FOR OUTPUT AS #1 PRINT #1, "Hello world!" CLOSE OPEN "file.txt" FOR INPUT AS #1 INPUT #1, s$ PRINT s$ CLOSE And that's how you use files. Pretty simple for sequential files, huh? Good. You're going to need to fool around with these commands a LOT before you get the hang of it. There's one more thing to say about files, though... the INPUT # statement only reads up to a comma on a line. So, you must use LINE INPUT to read an entire line. For example: OPEN "file.txt" FOR INPUT AS #1 LINE INPUT #1, s$ PRINT s$ CLOSE This would read the entire line into the variable "s$". Just re- member, when using the OUTPUT command, it ERASES what is in the file al- ready. Be sure not to get rid of anything important! So that's the fourth installment in my little series here. I hope you learned a lot, and don't worry, it won't be that long before I put out a fifth chapter. So keep programming, and try these exercises: *exercises* 1. Make a guessing game that starts with a random number between 1 and 20. Give the player 5 guesses, and after each guess tell them whether they are too high or too low. 2. Use the file commands a LOT. And I mean a LOT. If you're making a game, try to create a high score list or a "save game" feature. 3. Keep at it! 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Have a wonderful day. Peace! -David Zohrob