Garden Cities of To-morrow

by Ebenezer Howard

[1902]

Among the many 'utopian' proposals of the 19th century, this particular short text stands out. Howard was a 19th century British reformer and city planner. He was influenced by Bellamy's Looking Backwards. He saw new, planned towns as a necessary counterbalance to the squalid, Dickensian 19th century London. These towns would balance urban and rural occupations, and include a whole range of amenities which we have come to take for granted: libraries, museums, schools, wide avenues, and a mix of commercial and residential zones. Howard strove to keep a balance between the community and individual needs, and to operate within the framework of Capitalism, rather than rejecting or attempting to replace it.

This book was originally published in 1898 as To-morrow, and reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow. The first Garden City, built under the aegis of Howard, Letchworth, was founded in 1903 (Howard was one of the first residents). Later he founded a second Garden City, Welwyn, 1919. Both, now London suburbs, are still very much in existence and proved successful over time, with its residents, in particular, in better health than the general population. Howard's proposal had a great influence on urban planning in the 20th century, particularly post-WWII. The American urban planning critic, Lewis Mumford, was one of Howard's proponents. In the history of planned societies, Ebenezer Howard stands out as one of the successes, even though he is little-known other than to architects and urban planners.

PRODUCTION NOTES: Since the original book is hard to obtain, I used the 1967 MIT Press edition, omitting all new material. The pagination of this etext reflects the MIT edition. A couple of start-of-chapter quotes are identified in the MIT edition as belonging to the first edition. These are printed in green in this etext.

Title Page
Contents
Introduction
Chapter One. The Town-Country Magnet
Chapter Two. The Revenue of Garden City, and how it is obtained—The Agricultural Estate
Chapter Three. The Revenue of Garden City—Town Estate
Chapter Four. The Revenue of Garden City—General Observations on its Expenditure
Chapter Five. Further Details of Expenditure on Garden City
Chapter Six. Administration
Chapter Seven. Semi-Municipal Enterprise—Local Option—Temperance Reform
Chapter Eight. Pro-Municipal Work
Chapter Nine. Some Difficulties Considered
Chapter Ten. A Unique Combination of Proposals
Chapter Eleven. The Path followed up
Chapter Twelve. Social Cities
Chapter Thirteen. The Future of London